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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Remifentanil vs fentanyl/morphine for pain control during paediatric cardiac surgery (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Pediatric anesthesia 12 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Introduction  Remifentanil is a potent synthetic opioid that does not accumulate after infusion or repeated bolus doses. It may be rapidly titrated to the requirements of individual patients. Remifentanil has potential advantages for paediatric cardiac surgery in being able to provide potent analgesia required to blunt the stress response in theatre and a lack of prolonged sedative affects that may delay progress in intensive care.Methods  After approval by the local ethics committee, 18 patients were randomised to receive a titrated infusion of remifentanil (0–1 mcg.kg.min−1) or a standard dose of fentanyl (30 mcg.kg−1) pre-bypass with morphine (1 mg.kg−1) on rewarming. The anaesthetic technique aside from analgesia was that normally used by the consultant anaesthetist responsible for the case. Blood samples for glucose and cortisol were taken at regular intervals from induction through bypass and into the first 24 hours of postoperative intensive care. Urine samples taken over the same period were analysed for 3 methythistidine:creatinine ratios. In addition to biochemical indicators of the stress response we recorded baseline haemodynamic parameters and any acute physiological events.Results  Statistical analysis is not yet complete – initial analysis shows that both techniques obtunded the stress response to a very similar extent.Ten patients were randomised to receive morphine and eight to receive remifentanil (there were late cancellations in the remifentanil group). One patient was withdrawn from the remifentanil group for a protocol violation.There were two incidences of inadequate analgesia in the remifentanil group one related to rapid haemodilution going onto cardiopulmonary bypass and a second as a consequence of an infusion line kinking.Discussion and conclusions  Although it was our original intention to continue remifentanil up to 24 hours postoperatively, this was only achieved in four out of the seven remifentanil patients due either to discharge to the ward or to difficulty in titration of an appropriate dose for spontaneously breathing patients in intensive care. In our unit it became appropriate to start a morphine infusion to replace remifentanil within the first few hours of PICU admission.The episode of inadequate analgesia going on to bypass occurred when remifentanil was infusing at 1 mcg.kg.min−1 which illustrates high inter-individual variation. The other episode when a peripheral line kinked emphasises the importance of line patency and we would recommend that infusions are given centrally to help ensure adequate delivery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9592.2002.10271_1.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of systemic infections with Tobacco rattle virus on agronomic and quality traits of a range of potato cultivars (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 53 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Infection of several commercially important potato cultivars with Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) can result in systemic infection with M-type virus, which persists through generations of vegetative propagation, although spraing symptoms in the tubers rarely develop. In field trials of nine such cultivars it was shown that TRV infection can delay plant emergence and retard subsequent growth, reduce tuber yield and mean tuber weight, increase tuber numbers and the proportion of small tubers, increase the incidence of growth cracks and misshapen tubers, diminish dry matter content, and exacerbate after-cooking blackening. Each cultivar was affected differently, showing different combinations and degrees of these effects. Virus concentration in leaf extracts from individual plants was also highly variable. These, and other potato cultivars similarly susceptible to TRV, are grown on large areas of UK and European potato land. The implications of growing such cultivars for the seed, ware and processing sectors of the potato industry are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2004.01093.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid and early export of Phaeocystis antarctica blooms in the Ross Sea, Antarctica (2000)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 404 (2000), S. 595-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The Southern Ocean is very important for the potential sequestration of carbon dioxide in the oceans and is expected to be vulnerable to changes in carbon export forced by anthropogenic climate warming. Annual phytoplankton blooms in seasonal ice zones are highly productive and are ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35007061
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cat allergen peptide immunotherapy reduces CD4+ T cell responses to cat allergen but does not alter suppression by CD4+ CD25+ T cells: a double-blind placebo-controlled study (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Allergy 59 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background:  We have previously described both modification of allergen immunotherapy using peptide fragments, and reduced regulation of allergen stimulated T cells by CD4+ CD25+ T cells from allergic donors when compared with nonallergic controls. It has been suggested that allergen immunotherapy induces regulatory T cell activity: we hypothesized that allergen peptide immunotherapy might increase suppressive activity of CD4+ CD25+ T cells.Objective:  To examine cat allergen-stimulated CD4 T cell responses and their suppression by CD4+ CD25+ T cells before and after cat allergen peptide immunotherapy in a double-blind placebo-controlled study.Methods:  Peripheral blood was obtained and stored before and after peptide immunotherapy or placebo treatment. CD4+ and CD4+ CD25+ were then isolated by immunomagnetic beads and cultured with allergen in vitro.Results:  Comparing cells from blood taken before with that after peptide immunotherapy there was a significant reduction in both proliferation and IL-13 production by allergen-stimulated CD4+ T cells, whereas no change was seen after placebo. CD4+ CD25+ T cells suppressed both proliferation and IL-13 production by CD4+ CD25− T cells before and after therapy but peptide therapy was not associated with any change in suppressive activity of these cells.Conclusion:  Allergen peptide immunotherapy alters T cell response to allergen through mechanisms other than changes in CD4+ CD25+ T cell suppression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00601.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of eotaxin in induced sputum of atopic and nonatopic asthmatics (2000)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Allergy 55 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: The chemokine eotaxin has been implicated in airway eosinophilia in atopic asthma. We have compared airway eosinophils and eotaxin expression in induced sputum from well-matched atopic and nonatopic asthmatics. Methods: Eosinophil numbers, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), and the expression of eotaxin were examined in induced sputum from atopic asthmatics (AA=11), nonatopic asthmatics (NAA=11), and atopic (AC=12) and normal (NC=10) controls. Slides were prepared for differential cell counts by Romanowsky stain, and ECP levels were measured by RIA. Eotaxin expression was detected by in situ hybridization, with 35S-labelled riboprobes and immunocytochemistry. Results: The numbers of eosinophils and ECP concentration were increased in the sputum of AA and NAA compared with AC and NC (P〈0.05). The numbers of eotaxin mRNA+ and immunoreactive cells were increased in NAA, but not AA, when compared with controls (P〈0.05). Eotaxin immunoreactive cells in NAA were significantly higher than in AA (P〈0.05).Eotaxin was expressed predominantly by macrophages, eosinophils, and epithelial cells. In NAA, but not AA, the numbers of eotaxin mRNA+ cells were correlated with histamine PC20 (r=−0.81, P〈0.01) and eosinophil numbers in sputum (r=0.7, P〈0.05). Conclusions: Eotaxin production by macrophages, eosinophils, and epithelial cells may play a more pronounced role in airway eosinophilia in nonatopic than in atopic asthma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2000.00764.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parallel Plates Compared with Conventional Rods as TDR Waveguides for Sensing Soil Moisture (2000)
    Springer
    Subsurface sensing technologies and applications 1 (2000), S. 497-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9317
    Keywords: relative permittivity ; dielectric constant ; waveguide ; lateral sensitivity ; TDR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Dielectric methods of estimating the water content of soils, especially TDR, have become accepted as routine measurement techniques. Basic to the TDR technique is the waveguide, which is inserted into the soil for obtaining measurements of the effective soil permittivity, from which water content is estimated. In this study we compare the use of flat stainless steel plates with cylindrical stainless steel rods. We suggest that the use of plates gives a more even distribution of electromagnetic energy within the soil volume sampled and reduces the so called ``skin effect'' where the electromagnetic energy is concentrated close to the surface of the electrodes. Plates will not be suitable for all measurement purposes but wherever they can be applied they should result in more representative measurements from the medium under investigation. Calculations of electrical field intensity are presented to compare the relative energy density between the electrodes. Field and laboratory studies were alsoconducted considering some of the practicalities of using the alternative waveguides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026523917731
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pesticide Contamination of Jamaican Environment. II. Insecticide Residues in the Rivers and Shrimps of Rio Cobre Basin, 1982–1996 (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 63 (2000), S. 459-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: insecticide residues ; river contamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Only organochlorine (OC) residues were monitored by gas chromatographyin water, sediment and shrimp samples collected everymonth between July 1982 and August 1983 from therivers of Rio Cobre basin. In samples collected everyfour months during 1989–1990, and seven times duringJuly 1995–March 1996, OC and OP (organophosphates)residues were monitored. Carbamate and pyrethroidresidues were not monitored. The detection ofresidues in 1982–1983 was 54 to 100% in water andsediment, and 83 to 100% in shrimp samples fromvarious sampling stations in the four rivers. In otheryears, it ranged from about 40 to 100% in the threetypes of samples.In 1982–1983, DDE and dieldrin residues were found tobe much higher than those of lindane and α- andβ-endosulfan in Black River, Rio Pedro, ThomasRiver and Rio Cobre in the watershed. The ranges ofmeans of each residue in water (μg L-1), sediment(ng g-1) and shrimp (ng g-1) samples, respectively, were:DDE, 0.059–102.0, 3.44–13.97, 0.344–14.57;dieldrin, 0.026–173.6, 1.21–2.75, 0.427–5.59;α-endosulfan, bdl, 1.75–4.00, bdl;β-endosulfan, bdl (below detectable limits), 2.51–9.48, bdl;and lindane, (bdl), 0.110–0.319, 2.90.In 1989–1990 and 1995–1996, residues of six OCs and two OPs were detected quite regularly. DDE, dieldrinand Chlorpyrifos residues were much higher than thoseof the other insecticides. The range of their meansin water (μg L-1), sediment and shrimp (ng g-1),respectively, were: DDE, 1.66–19.76, 0.941–5.84,1.11–8.32; dieldrin, 0.077–7.22, 0.425–3.31,0.385–1.59; α-endosulfan, 0.034–1.25, 0.021–1.22, 0.032–3.62; β-endosulfan, 0.665–1.23,0.008–3.60, 0.005–3.97; endosulfan sulphate, 0.959–1.34, 0.035–3.08, 0.012–1.80; lindane, bdl,0.005–0.82, 1.19–1.56; chlorpyrifos, 0.702–4.06,0.005–1.51, 0.156–7.04; and diazinon, bdl, 0–0.150, 0.001–0.006. At the mouth of the river, whereit discharges into the sea, the levels of almost allthe residues were higher than upstream.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006281425405
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