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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Risk analysis 20 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: A risk assessment was performed to incorporate uncertainty in food processing conditions to develop a risk-based sterilization process design. The focus of this analysis was uncertainty associated with heterogeneous food products. Quartered button mushrooms were the chosen food product because it represents the most typical type. A model for sterilization of spherical particles was utilized, and each parameter's uncertainty was characterized for use under Monte Carlo simulation. Various particle distributions and fluid types were compared. The output of the model was the required sterilization time to achieve the target sterilization conditions with 95% probability. This value was then used to determine the mean fluid velocity for a given tube length. Finally, the output from the model was analyzed to determine the confidence in output based on uncertainty in the input parameters. The model was more sensitive to variation in particle size distribution than fluid type for power-law fluids. The 90% confidence interval included a holding time range of 1 min. With a 95% confidence level that only 8% of the data will be below the target sterilization conditions, a maximum of 9% of the data were expected to achieve double the target level. The results of such an analysis would be useful for management decisions concerning the design of aseptic food processing operations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 40 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 40 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 34 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The decline of water quality in United States’ lotic ecosystems (streams and rivers) has been linked to nonpoint source nutrient loading (U.S. EPA, 1990). Determining limiting nutrients in streams is difficult due to the variable nature of lotic ecosystems. We developed a quantitative passive diffusion periphyton nutrient enrichment system, called the Matlock Periphytometer, to measure the response of attached algae (periphyton) to nutrient enrichment. The system is simple to build and provides quantitative nutrient enrichment of a surface for periphytic growth. The periphyton grow on a glass fiber filter, which allows complete recovery of periphyton for chlorophyll a analysis. A 14-kilodalton dialysis membrane was used as a biofilter to prevent bacterial and algal contamination of the nutrient solution. We determined the rates of diffusion of nitrogen and phosphorus ions across the Matlock Periphytometer's dialysis membrane and glass fiber filter over a 21-day period (42 and 22 μg/cm2/hr, respectively). We used the Matlock Periphytometer to determine the limiting nutrient in a woodland stream. Six replicates each of a control, nitrogen, and phosphorus treatment were placed in the stream for 14 days. The results indicated that phosphorus was the limiting nutrient in the stream for the period and location sampled.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 32 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : We present an ecological risk assessment methodology at the watershed level for freshwater ecosystems. The major component is a pollutant transport and fate model (a modified EUTROMOD) with an integrated uncertainty analysis utilizing a two-phase Monte Carlo procedure. The uncertainty analysis methodology distinguishes between knowledge uncertainty and stochastic variability. The model assesses the ecological risk of lentic (lake) ecosystems in response to the stress of excess phosphorus resulting in eutrophication. The methodology and model were tested on the Wister Lake watershed in Oklahoma with the lake and its trophic state as the endpoint for ecological risk assessment. A geographic information system was used to store, manage, and manipulate spatially referenced data for model input.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The lower reaches of the Arroyo Colorado have historically failed to meet their use under subsection 303(b) of the U.S. Clean Water Act due to fecal coliform bacteria and low dissolved oxygen (DO). Fish kills, especially at the tidal confluence at the Port of Harlingen, Texas, have been reported. Oxygen demand from sediment (SOD) for a river typically has two states-diffusion limited SOD (SOD) and potential SOD (pSOD), expressed when sediment is resuspended through increased flow or other disturbances. The objective of this research was to measure SOD in the Arroyo Colorado River in situ, estimate pSOD ex situ, and evaluate the relationship between SOD and the depositional environment. We measured SOD and pSOD in the Arroyo Colorado River at up to eight sites over three sampling events. We identified the sample sites based on a modified Rosgen geomorphic index for streambed stabilization. Sites with high sediment deposition potential had high SOD. The average values of SOD between sites were 0.62 g/m2/day (standard deviation 0.38 g/m2/day) and ranged from 0.13 to 1.2 g/m2/day. Potential SOD values ranged from as low as 19.2 to as high as 2,779 g/m3 sediment/ day. Potential SOD can serve as an indicator of the possible impact of SOD from resuspended sediment in stream systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Cell Differentiation 4 (1975), S. 187-197 
    ISSN: 0045-6039
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Key words Severe injury • SIRS • Sepsis • ARDS • MODS ; Schlüsselwörter Polytrauma • SIRS • Sepsis • ARDS • MODS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer retrospektiven Analyse wurde bei 1278 verletzten Patienten der Schweregrad der Ganzkörperinflammation [systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)] mit der Häufigkeit von posttraumatischen Komplikationen und der Letalität korreliert. Die Patienten wurden in Abhängigkeit vom Verletzungsschweregrad in drei Gruppen unterteilt: Injury Severity Score (ISS) L 9 K16 Punkte (n = 626), ISS 〉 16 〈 40 Punkte (n = 589), ISS L 40 Punkte (n = 63). Für die Diagnose SIRS wurde die Definition der Amerikanischen Konsensuskonferenz verwendet und der SIRS-Schweregrad entsprechend der Anzahl erfüllter Kriterien ermittelt: leichtes SIRS: 2 erfüllte Kriterien, mittelschweres SIRS: 3 erfüllte Kriterien, schweres SIRS: 4 erfüllte Kriterien. Das akute Lungenversagen (ARDS) wurde nach dem Murray-Score und das Multiorgandysfunktionssyndrom (MODS) nach dem Goris-Score definiert. Die Inzidenz der Ganzkörperinflammation betrug für das gesamte Patientenkollektiv 57,6 %. Mit steigendem ISS zeigte sich eine erhöhte Inzidenz und ein erhöhter SIRS-Schweregrad (p 〈 0,05); 42 % der Patienten mit leichter Verletzung, 70 % der Patienten mit schwerer Verletzung und alle Patienten mit einem ISS 〉 40 Punkten entwickelten ein SIRS. Septische Kompliationen fanden sich bei 178 aller Patienten (14 %). Die Inzidenz septischer Komplikationen korrelierte wie das SIRS mit dem ISS (p 〈 0,05). Die Häufigkeit und der Schweregrad von ARDS und MODS korrelierten mit der Schwere von Ganzkörperinflammation und septischen Komplikationen. Patienten ohne SIRS entwickelten nur in 15 % ein Lungenversagen und in 21 % ein MODS. Hingegen wiesen Patienten mit septischen Komplikationen in 99 % ein ARDS und in 97 % ein MODS auf. Bei septischen Patienten war die Häufigkeit von ARDS oder MODS vom ISS unabhängig. Die Letalität verletzter Patienten korrelierte mit dem Schweregrad der Ganzkörperinflammation. Während 13 Patienten mit leichtem SIRS (5 %) und 32 Patienten mit mittelschwerem SIRS (13 %) starben, lag die Letalität von Patienten mit schwerem SIRS bei 19 % (p 〈 0,05). Zusätzlich zeigte sich eine signifikante Korrelation zwischen der Inzidenz septischer Komplikationen und der Letalität. Verletzte Patienten mit einer Sepsis starben in 13 %, solche mit schwerer Sepsis in 23 % und Patienten im septischen Schock in 33 % (p 〈 0,05). Die Einteilung des SIRS und der Sepsis in unterschiedliche Schweregrade könnte für die Früherkennung des Organ- und Multiorganversagens und für die Prognose verletzter Patienten von Bedeutung sein.
    Notes: Summary The association between the increasing severity of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and the incidence of posttraumatic complications and mortality was retrospectively investigated in 1278 injured patients. Patients were divided into three groups according to their Injury Severity Score (ISS) (group A: ISS L 9 K16 points (n = 626); group B: ISS 〉 16 〈 40 points (n = 589); group C: ISS L 40 points (n = 63)). SIRS was defined according to the criteria of the American Consensus Conference. The number of fulfilled criteria determined its severity: moderate SIRS: 2 criteria fulfilled, intermediate SIRS: 3 criteria fulfilled, severe SIRS: 4 criteria fulfilled. Additionally, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was defined according to the Murray-Score and the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) according to the Goris-Score. The incidence of SIRS was 42 % in group A, 70 % in group B and 100 % in group C (p 〈 0.05). The severity of SIRS increased with severity of trauma. Moreover, 178 of all injured patients (14 %) developed septic complications. In parallel to SIRS, the incidence of these septic complications correlated with the severity of trauma. The occurrence and severity of ARDS and MODS correlated with increased severity of SIRS and septic complications. Among patients without SIRS 15 % developed ARDS and 21 % MODS. In contrast, patients with severe SIRS and septic complications demonstrated ARDS in 99 % and MODS in 97 %. In these patients, no correlation was found between the ISS and the incidence of ARDS or MODS. There were also stepwise increases in mortality rates in the hierarchy from SIRS to septic shock. While 13 of patients with modest SIRS (5 %) and 32 of patients with intermediate SIRS (13 %) died, the mortality rate of patients with severe SIRS was 19 % (p 〈 0.05). In addition, a significant correlation between the incidence of septic complications and mortality was found. Injured patients with sepsis died in 13 %, those with severe sepsis in 23 %, and patients with septic shock in 33 % (p 〈 0.05). Thus, the increasing severity of SIRS was associated with the occurrence of posttraumatic ARDS, MODS, and mortality. Using the number of fulfilled SIRS criteria for classifying systemic inflammation, its severity may be predictive for posttraumatic complications and outcome of injured patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 63 (1981), S. 277-281 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During the “Orgon IV” cruise of the R.V. “Jean Charcot” (November, 1978), the distribution of heterotrophic aerobic, heterotrophic anaerobic, sulfate-reducing and methane-producing bacterial populations was studied at four sediment sampling stations in the Gulf of Aden and Oman Sea. The most important aerobic and anaerobic viable bacterial counts were achieved from samples in the upper layer below the water sediment interface. The maximal numbers of heterotrophic aerobes and anaerobes, as well as sulfate-reducing bacteria were found in the topmost layer (0 to 2 cm), although methanogenic bacteria that were only found in the shallowest station sediment (210 m), exhibited maximal population deeper in the sediment (10 to 12 cm). At the four stations studied, the heterotrophic anaerobic bacteria disappeared most rapidly with increasing core depth, and the heterotrophic aerobic bacteria paradoxically seemed to be more resistant to burying conditions. The coexistence of these four microflora, which exhibit various and even opposite metabolic processes, could be explained by a distinctive microniche juxtaposition in the same sedimentary layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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