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MICROBIOLOGICAL SAFETY OF DRINKING WATER (2000)

Szewzyk, U. ; Szewzyk, R. ; Manz, W. ; [et al.]

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Microbiology 54 (2000), S. 81-127

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ISSN: 0066-4227

Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Emerging pathogens in drinking water have become increasingly important during the decade. These include newly-recognized pathogens from fecal sources such as Cryptosporidium parvum, Campylobacter spp., and rotavirus, as well as pathogens that are able to grow in water distribution systems, like Legionella spp., mycobacteria, and aeromonads. To perform a risk analysis for the pathogens in drinking water, it is necessary to understand the ecology of these organisms. The ecology of the drinking-water distribution system has to be evaluated in detail, especially the diversity and physiological properties of water bacteria. The interactions between water bacteria and (potential) pathogens in such diverse habitats as free water and biofilms are essential for the survival or growth of hygienically relevant organisms in drinking water. Results of epidemiological studies together with ecological data are the basis for effective resource protection, water treatment, and risk assessment.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.81

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Recognition of individual genes in a single bacterial cell by fluorescence in situ hybridization – RING-FISH (2004)

Zwirglmaier, K. ; Ludwig, W. ; Schleifer, K. -H.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

Molecular microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2958

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Notes: Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using rRNA targeted oligonucleotide probes is a standard method for identification of microorganisms in environmental samples. Apart from its value as a phylogenetic marker ribosomal RNA has always been the favoured target molecule for FISH because of its abundance in all cells, whereas plasmids and DNA were regarded as unsuitable targets because of their low copy number. Here we present an improved FISH technique, which is based on polynucleotide probes. It goes beyond the detection of high copy intracellular nucleic acids such as rRNA (up to 104−105 copies per cell) and allows for the first time the in situ detection of individual genes or gene fragments on plasmids (101−103 copies per cell) and chromosomal DNA (〈10 copies per cell) in a single cell. Using E. coli as model organism we were able to detect in situ cells harbouring the antibiotic resistance gene beta lactamase on high, medium and low copy plasmids as well as the chromosomal encoded housekeeping gene glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Furthermore, we detected the prepilin peptidase gene xpsO in the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris in situ. Because of the characteristic hybridization signal obtained with this method – a halo-like, ring-shaped concentration of fluorescence in the cell periphery – we coined the term RING-FISH (recognition of individual genes) to differentiate it from conventional FISH.