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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Male drugs-related deaths in the fortnight after release from prison: Scotland, 1996–99 (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Addiction 98 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aims  To assess if 15–35-year-old males released after 14 + days’ imprisonment in Scotland, 1996–99, had a higher drugs-related death rate in 2 weeks after release than during subsequent 10 weeks; higher than expected death rate from other causes; and if drugs-related deaths in the first fortnight were three times as many as prison suicides.Design  Confidential linkage of ex-prisoner database against deaths.Setting  Scotland's male prisons and young offenders’ institutions during July to December 1996–99; 19 486 index releases after 14+ days’ incarceration.Measurements  Relative risk of drugs-related death in the first 2 weeks after release (34 deaths) versus subsequent 10 weeks (23). Other causes of death (21) relative to expectation. Drugs-related deaths in first 2 weeks after release relative to suicides in prison (12).Findings  Drugs-related mortality in 1996–99 was seven times higher (95% CI: 3.3–16.3) in the 2 weeks after release than at other times at liberty and 2.8 times higher than prison suicides (95% CI: 1.5–3.5) by males aged 15–35 years who had been incarcerated for 14+ days. We estimated one drugs-related death in the 2 weeks after release per 200 adult male injectors released from 14 + days’ incarceration. Non-drugs-related deaths in the 12 weeks after release were 4.9 times (95% CI: 2.8–7.0) the 4.3 deaths expected.Conclusion  Investment in, and evaluation of, prison-based interventions is needed to reduce substantially recently released drugs-related deaths.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00264.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    One-year follow-up of opiate injectors treated with oral methadone in a GP-centred programme (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Carfax Publishing, part of the Taylor & Francis Group
    Addiction 95 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aims. To examine changes in drug-related behaviour in opiate-dependent injectors treated with oral methadone, in a shared care scheme where consumption of the daily dose is usually supervised by a community pharmacist. Design. One-year cohort study. Setting. Recruitment from the main routes into methadone prescribing in Glasgow during 1996: General Practitioner Drug Misuse Clinic Scheme and the Drug Problem Service. Participants. Current opiate injectors entering methadone treatment. Findings. Among the 204 injectors recruited, 148 (73%) were re-interviewed at 6 months and 118 (58%) at both 6 and 12 months. Twenty-nine per cent of the cohort remained continuously on methadone for 12 months. In that group, over the 12-month period, self-reported daily opiate injecting reduced from 78% to 2%; overdose in the previous 6 months from 24% to 2%; mean daily drug spend from £50 to £4; and mean monthly number of acquisitive crimes reduced from 13 to three. Assuming participants lost to follow-up were unchanged, significant improvements in the total cohort were seen in daily opiate injecting (from 80% at recruitment to 43% at 12 months), overdose (from 27% to 15%), mean daily drug spend (from £63 to £38) and mean monthly number of acquisitive crimes (from 18 to 11). Discontinuation of treatment was mainly due to imprisonment (39%) or sanctions by the prescriber (33%). Conclusion. Treatment of opiate-dependent drug injectors with methadone in a community-wide general practitioner-centred scheme, with supervised daily consumption, was associated with major beneficial change for a substantial proportion of patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.95710557.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors associated with injecting risk behaviour among serial community-wide samples of injecting drug users in Glasgow 1990–94: implications for control and prevention of blood-borne viruses (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Carfax Publishing, part of the Taylor & Francis Group
    Addiction 95 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aims. To examine the association between recipient-sharing of needles and syringes and demographic characteristics, injecting behaviour and needle and syringe exchange utilisation . Design. Self-report data from serial cross-sectional surveys. Setting. Multiple street, needle and syringe exchange and drug treatment sites throughout Glasgow. Participants. 2576 current injecting drug users (IDUs) recruited during 1990–94. Findings. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, a significantly lower level of recipientsharing was associated with respondents who resided within 1 mile of a needle and syringe exchange compared to those who lived further away (adjusted OR 1.3; 95% CI 1.0–1.6), and by IDUs who reported obtaining either 6–15, 16–30, or 〉 30 sterile needles and syringes in an average week from a needle exchange and/or pharmacist (adjusted ORs 0.55, 0.34, 0.25; 95% CIs 0.3–0.9, 0.2–0.6 and 0.2–0.4, respectively) compared to those who obtained no sterile equipment from these sources. Recipient-sharing of needles and syringes in the previous 6 months reduced significantly between 1990 (43%) and 1991–94 (27–33%) (p 〈 0.0001); this decline was not explained by needle and syringe exchange utilization, suggesting that additional factors were influencing behavioural change at that time. Conclusion. Our data indicate that improving injectors’ convenience of access to exchange facilities and increasing the numbers of sterile needles and syringes available to them is likely to result in further reductions in recipient-sharing, and thus the potential for blood-borne virus transmission, among IDUs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.9569319.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen and carbon regulation of glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase in Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 205 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effect of nitrogen and carbon status on the regulation of glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) were investigated in Corynebacterium glutamicum 13032. Under carbon-sufficient, nitrogen-limiting conditions, GS and GOGAT activities were five- and seven-fold higher, respectively, and transcription of the corresponding genes (glnA and gltBD) was similarly induced. GS activity was also induced in complete medium with added glucose, while GOGAT activity was unaffected. Under carbon-limiting, nitrogen-limiting conditions, the level of GS induction was reduced approximately three-fold, whereas GOGAT activity did not respond. Disruption of the hkm gene, encoding a putative histidine kinase upstream of gltBD, reduced the levels of GOGAT activity two-fold under both nitrogen-rich and nitrogen-limiting conditions. Promoter studies using a hkm–chloramphenicol acetylase fusion plasmid revealed that transcription of hkm is moderately induced (ca. 1.5-fold) by nitrogen starvation, indicating that the Hkm protein may play a role in signal transduction of the nutritional status of the growth medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10973.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Plasmodium genome database (2002)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 419 (2002), S. 490-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] As reported elsewhere in this issue (M. J. Gardner et al. Nature 419, 498–511; 2002), a reference genome sequence for the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is now complete. But how are researchers to access P. falciparum ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/419490a
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Letter to the Editor: Backbone resonance assignment of human UBC4 (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of biomolecular NMR 18 (2000), S. 363-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5001
    Keywords: heteronuclear NMR ; resonance assignments ; ubiquitination ; UBC4
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026525817687
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mice, the Motor System, and Human Motor Neuron Pathology (2000)
    Springer
    Mammalian genome 11 (2000), S. 1041-1052 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1777
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Motor neurons are among some of the most unusual cells in the body becaue of their immense size and their role as the critical link between the motor centers of the brain and the muscles. In addition to their intrinsic biological interest, it is vital that we gain a better understanding of these cells and their pathology, since motor neuron degenerative diseases are lethal disorders that affect young and old and are relatively common. For example, one form of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the most common genetic killer of children in the developed world. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), another form of motor neuron degeneration, is the third most common neurodegenerative cause of adult death, after Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, and is significantly more common than multiple sclerosis (Motor Neurone Disease Association 1998). Currently, approximately 1 in 500 people in England and Wales who die have a form of motor neuron disease (Motor Neurone Disease Association 1998). Each year, 5000 Americans are diagnosed with ALS, and of these, 10% are under 40 years old. Mouse models of motor neuron degeneration are essential for understanding the causes and mechanisms of motor neuron pathology. These mice are yielding important information that will ultimately lead to treatments and potentially cures for these diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003350010205
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphate-Induced Clay Dispersion as Related to Aggregate Size and Composition in Hapludoxs (2000)
    Springer
    Soil Science Society of America journal 64 (2000), S. 892-897 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-0661
    Keywords: DR, Dark-Red Latosol EM, electrophoretic mobility IEP, isoelectric point UL, Una Latosol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: M NaCl) on EM, IEP, and clay particle dispersion in aggregates of Oxisols with different organic matter contents and hematite/goethite ratios. Aggregates of 1 to 2 and 0.1 to 0.2 mm were fractionated from samples of A and B horizons of two Oxisols, both with 165 g kg−1 Fe2O3, that differ in their organic matter and hematite and goethite contents. Phosphate sorption decreased EM and IEP of B horizon aggregates. It also decreased the amount of dispersed clay, as the IEP decreased to values closer to the pH of the soil suspension, decreasing net positive charge. Then, P sorption increased dispersed clay as the IEP became lower than the pH of suspension. The effect was slightly higher on aggregates with higher hematite/goethite ratio. The changes on those parameters were mostly noted for B horizon samples, where phosphate sorption had a major effect on charge balance because of their lower organic matter content. Small aggregates had less dispersed clay than large aggregates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/
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