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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 64 (1994), S. 1953-1955 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Photoluminescence (PL) measurements of strained Si1−xGex heavily doped p-type layers with different Ge fraction x are reported in this letter. UHV chemical-vapor-deposition-grown samples with x=0.08, 0.12, and 0.16 and doped with 4×1018 cm−3 boron atoms are studied. No-phonon and TO-phonon replicas corresponding to free-electron band-to-band transitions are observed. Values of the band-gap narrowing and Fermi level EF are determined from the PL curves. The earlier theoretical predictions that EF should increase (because of the decrease of the effective density of states) with increasing Ge fraction, are confirmed by PL experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Multicopy single-stranded DNA (msDNA) molecules consist of single-stranded DNA covalently linked to RNA. In Escherichia coli, such molecules are encoded by genetic elements called retrons. The DNA moieties of msDNAs have characteristic stem-loop structures, and most of these structures contain mismatched base pairs. Previously, we showed that retrons encoding msDNAs with mismatched base pairs are mutagenic when present in multicopy plasmids. In this study we show that such msDNAs, in a similar manner to genetic defects in mismatch repair, increase the frequency of interspecies recombination in matings between Salmonella typhimurium and E. coli. To demonstrate interference with mismatch repair by msDNA, we show that the addition of a plasmid containing the gene for MutS protein suppresses the mutagenic and recombinogenic effects of msDNAs. We also show that in mutS mutants, msDNA does not increase the frequency of either mutations or interspecies recombination. We conclude from these findings that the mutagenic and recombinogenic effects of msDNAs are due to titrating out MutS protein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 14 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Retrons are genetic elements that encode multicopy single-stranded DNAs called msONAs. They are clonally distributed in Escherichia coli and retrons in different clones produce DNAs with different nucleotide sequences. msDNAs consist of an RNA molecule covalently linked to a single-stranded DNA molecule. The latter contains an inverted repeat, resulting in a stem-loop structure. In two retrons, Ec83 and Ec78, the DNA is cleaved off from the RNA. All known retrons except Ec78, have one or more mismatched base pairs in the stem-loop structure. We found that two retrons, Ec86 and Ec83, when present in high copy numbers are mutagenic. The ratios of mutation frequencies observed in Lac indicator strains were similar to the ratios observed for a mutant defective in mismatch repair. It is known that some proteins required for mismatch repair bind to mismatched base pairs prior to carrying out repair. The similarity in the mutation frequency ratios suggested that the mutagenesis caused by msDNAs of retrons Ec86 and Ec83 might be due to seqestration of a mismatch repair protein by msDNA. Strong support for this interpretation was obtained from the finding that the msDNA produced by retron Ec78 is not mutagenic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 13 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Arginine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli is negatively regulated by a hexameric repressor protein, encoded by the gene argR and the corepressor arginine. By hydroxylamine mutagenesis two types of argR mutants were isolated and mapped. The first type is transdominant. In heterodiploids, these mutant polypeptides reduce the activity of the wild-type repressor, presumably by forming heteropolymers. Four mutant repressor proteins were purified. Two of these map in the N-terminal half of the protein. Gel retardation experiments showed that they bind poorly to DNA, but they could be precipitated by l-arginine at the same concentration as the wild-type repressor. The other two mutant repressors map in the C-terminal half of the protein. They are poorly precipitated by L-arginine and they bind poorly to DNA. In addition, one of these mutants appears to exist as a dimer. The second type of argR mutant repressor consists of super-repressors. Such mutants behave as arginine auxotrophs as a result of hyper-repression of arginine biosynthetic enzymes. They map at many locations throughout the argR gene. Three arginine super-repressor proteins were purified, in comparison with the wild-type repressor, two of them were shown to have a higher DNA-binding affinity in the absence of bound arginine, while the third was shown to have a higher DNA-binding affinity when bound to arginine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Noradrenaline release ; Serotonin receptors ; 5-HT1D receptor ; Presynaptic receptors ; Human saphenous vein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The human saphenous vein preincubated with [3H]noradrenaline was used to determine the pharmacological properties of the release-inhibiting presynaptic serotonin (5-HT) receptor on the sympathetic nerves. The overflow of tritium evoked by transmural electrical stimulation (2 Hz) was concentration-dependently inhibited by drugs known to stimulate 5-HT receptors in the following rank order: oxymetazoline ≥ 5-HT ≥ 5-carboxamidotryptamine = 5-methoxytryptamine = sumatriptan 〉 tryptamine 〉 N,N(CH3)2-5-HT = yohimbine = 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)-tetraline. The potencies of these agonists in inhibiting overflow were significantly correlated with their affinities for 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D binding sites, but not with those for 5-HT1A or 5-HT1C binding sites. 5-Aminotryptamine, methysergide, ipsapirone, cyanopindolol, SDZ 21009 and metergoline dit not produce a significant inhibition. Metitepine and methysergide antagonized the inhibitory effect of 5-HT, whereas spiroxatrine, propranolol, ketanserin and ICS 205-930 did not. These data exclude the idea that the inhibitory presynaptic 5-HT receptor on the sympathetic nerves belongs to the 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptor class; the pattern of agonist potencies suggests that the receptor is very similar to the 5-HT1D receptor subtype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Soil tillage ; Rhizosphere microorganisms ; Cereals ; Nitrogen fixation ; Gaeumanomyces graminis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  In long-term field experiments on sandy loam and loamy sand soils, the influence of conservation and conventional tillage on soil and rhizosphere microorganisms was studied. Conservation tillage stimulated rhizosphere bacteria on winter wheat, winter barley, winter rye and maize in different soil layers. Particularly the populations of Agrobacterium spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were increased. On the sandy loam, N2 fixation and nodulation of pea plants were significantly increased. No influence of different soil tillage was determined on the colonization of the rhizosphere by mycorrhiza and saprophytic fungi. Stubble residues infected with Gaeumanomyces graminis were infectious for a longer time on the soil surface than after incorporation into the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Key words Cell division ; Stomach ; Neoplasms ; Sodium chloride ; Ascorbic acid ; β-carotene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three questions associated with the stimulation of cell division by chloride salts have been investigated: (i) whether cations other than sodium show a similar effect, (ii) whether vitamins can have a preventive activity, and (iii) whether subchronic treatment with sodium chloride in the diet is also effective. Male Fischer 344 rats were given solutions of the chloride salts of sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium by oral gavage. Water was used for control. After 4 h, a 24-h osmotic minipump containing 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine was implanted subcutaneously. The forestomach and glandular stomach, as well as liver and bladder were analyzed immunohistochemically 24 h later for the proportion of cells in S phase as an indicator of the rate of replicative DNA synthesis. For both the forestomach and the glandular stomach, potassium was as potent as sodium, and the divalent cations Mg and Ca were even more potent on a molar basis. Supplementation of the diet with ascorbic acid (2 g/kg food) or β-carotene (12.5 mg/kg food) for 1 week before gavage of the sodium chloride solution resulted in an inhibition of the stimulation of cell division. A putative tumor-chemopreventive activity of the two vitamins might therefore not only rely on their antioxidative properties but may include effects on the cell cycle. A 4-week treatment with a sodium chloride supplement in the diet (2% and 4% supplement) resulted in a significant stimulation of cell division not only in both parts of the stomach and in the bladder (with the 4% supplement) but also in the liver (even with the 2% supplement). Sodium-chloride-stimulated cell turnover therefore is a sustained effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Gastric carcinogenesis ; N-methyl-N-nitrosourea ; DNA methylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The formation ofO 6-methyldeoxyguanosine (O 6-MedGuo) was determined by an immuno-slot-blot assay in DNA of various tissues of F344 rats exposed toN-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) in the drinking water at 400 ppm for 2 weeks. Although the pyloric region of the glandular stomach is a target organ under these experimental conditions, the extent of DNA methylation was highest in the forestomach (185 μmolO 6-MedGuo/mol guanine). Fundus (91 μmol/mol guanine) and pylorus (105 μmol/mol guanine) of the glandular stomach, oesophagus (124 μmol/mol guanine) and duodenum (109 μmol/mol guanine) showed lower levels ofO 6-MedGuo but differed little between each other. Thus, no correlation was observed between target organ specificity and the extent of DNA methylation. This is in contrast to the gastric carcinogen,N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), which preferentially alkylates DNA of the pylorus, the main site of induction of gastric carcinomas by this chemical. In contrast to MNU, the non-enzymic decomposition of MNNG is accelerated by thiol compounds (reduced glutathione,l-cysteine), which are present at much higher concentrations in the glandular stomach than in the forestomach and oesophagus. During chronic exposure to MNNG (80 ppm), mucosal cells immunoreactive toO 6-MedGuo are limited to the luminal surface [Kobori et al. (1988) Carcinogenesis 9:2271–2274]. Although MNU (400 ppm) produced similar levels ofO 6-MedGuo in the pylorus, no cells containing methylpurines were detectable by immunohistochemistry, suggesting a more uniform methylation of mucosal cells by MNU than by MNNG. After a single oral dose of MNU (90 mg/kg) cells containing methylpurines were unequivocally identified using antibodies toO 6-MedGuo and the imidazole-ring-opened product of 7-methyldeoxyguanosine. In the gastric fundus, their distribution was similar to those methylated by exposure to MNNG, whereas the pyloric region contained immunoreactive cells also in the deeper mucosal layers. After a 2-week MNU treatment, the rate of cell proliferation, as determined by bromodeoxyuridine immunoreactivity, was only slightly enhanced in the oesophagus and in the fundus, but markedly in the forestomach and the pyloric region of the glandular stomach. It is concluded that the overall extent of DNA methylation, the distribution of alkylated cells within the mucosa and the proliferative response all contribute to the organ-specific carcinogenicity of MNU.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In vielen praktischen Fällen erhitzt man einen halbunendlichen Festkörper mit einer konstanten Wärmestromdichte an der Oberfläche. Im Fall einer einheitlichen Anfangstemperatur des Körpers wurde eine analytische Lösung zu diesem instationären Wärmetransportproblem von Carslaw und Jäger gegeben. Die Oberflächentemperatur des unendlichen Festkörper verläuft nach der $$\sqrt t $$ -Regel. Das heißt, die Oberflächentemperatur ändert sich proportional zur Wurzel der Erhitzungszeit. Im Fall der uneinheitlichen Anfangstemperatur des Körpers wurde noch keine analytische Lösung entwickelt. In diesem Aufsatz werden analytische Lösungen zu diesem instationären Problem mit einer exponentiellen oder einer linearen Anfangstemperaturverteilung gegeben. Es zeigt, daß im Fall der linearen Anfangstemperatureverteilung die Oberflächentemperatur der $$\sqrt t $$ -Regel folgt. Für eine beliebige Anfangstemperaturverteilung kann man sie in der Nähe von der Oberfläche mit ihrer Tangente an der Oberfläche linearisieren, deshalb gilt auch hier die $$\sqrt t $$ -Regel. Die Meßdaten unterstützen dieses Argument. Außerdem wurde ein Verhältnis zwischen der Oberflächentemperatur und der Erhitzungszeit ermittelt, aus dem die konstante Wärmestromdichte berechnet werden kann. Dieses Verhältnis wurde in diesem Aufsatz für eine bekannte Anfangstemperaturverteilung oder für eine bekannte erste Ableitung der Anfangstemperaturverteilung an der Oberfläche abgeleitet.
    Notes: Abstract In many practical cases, one heats a semi-infinite solid with a constant heat flux source. For such an unsteady heat transfer problem, if the body has a uniform initial temperature, the analytical solution has been given by Carslaw and Jaeger. The surface temperature of the semi-infinite body follows the $$\sqrt t $$ -rule, that is, the surface temperature changes in proportion to square root of heating time. But if, instead of the uniform initial temperature, the body has a temperature distribution at the beginning of heating, the analytical solution has not yet been developed. Analytical solutions to the same problem with an exponential or a linear initial temperature distribution are obtained in this paper. It is shown, that in the case of a linear initial temperature distribution the surface temperature also changes according to $$\sqrt t $$ -rule Approximating the initial temperature distribution near the surface by its tangent at the surface, it is found that the surface temperature within a short time after the start of heating should also satisfy the $$\sqrt t $$ -rule, in spite of an arbitrary initial temperature distribution. The experimental data support this argument. Furthermore, the constant heat flux can be calculated after relationship between the surface temperature and heating time according to the equation derived in this paper, if the initial temperature distribution or its first-order derivative at the surface is known.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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