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  • 1995-1999  (12)
  • 1985-1989  (2)
  • 1970-1974  (4)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    How predictable is the current perpendicular to plane magnetoresistance? (invited) : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 5811-5815 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Prior measurements of the current perpendicular to the layer planes (CPP) resistances, taken on Co/Cu/Py/Cu (Py=Ni84Fe16) multilayers with a single pair of Co and Py thicknesses, are extended to three additional pairs of thicknesses. The same parameters, obtained from independent measurements on Co/Cu and Py/Cu multilayers that fit the original pair reasonably well, fit the three new pairs almost as well, from which we conclude that there is substantial predictability in the CPP magnetoresistance (MR). Because the predictability is not perfect, we examine the extent to which we can improve the fits to the Co/Cu/Py/Cu data by varying the Py/Cu and Co/Cu parameters within their uncertainties, without substantially weakening the fits to the original Co/Cu and Py/Cu data. We conclude by presenting the first CPP-MR measurements on Co/Ag/Py/Ag multilayers. The data are similar to those for Co/Cu/Py/Cu multilayers, but the Co/Ag/Py/Ag MRs are noticeably larger. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361845
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resistivities of sputtered Ag(3.3 nm)/Cu(tCu), Ag(3.3 nm)/Au(tAu), and Ni(4.2 nm)/Co(tCo) multilayers at 4–5 and 295 K : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 6129-6131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: To help clarify the sources of the 67% periodic oscillations in the in-plane saturation resistivity, ρS (ρS varied from 2.5 to 5 μΩ cm at 4.2 K) of molecular beam epitaxy-grown epitaxial Ni/Co multilayers of total thickness, tT≈100 nm recently reported by Gallego et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4515 (1995)] we have measured the in-plane resistivities at 4–5 and 295 K of Ag/Cu, Ag/Au, and Ni/Co multilayers with tT≈100 nm, dc sputtered nonepitaxially onto (001) Si. In no case do we see reproducible periodic oscillations, and any variations are always similar at 4–5 and 295 K. Our results show that oscillations of the size seen by Gallego are not simply a consequence of an average multilayer resistivity as low as 3.5 μΩ cm. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362690
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Search for point-contact giant magnetoresistance in Co/Cu multilayers : The 41st annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 5530-5532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report the first measurements of the point-contact magnetoresistance (MR) of magnetic multilayers. These measurements were intended to see if the additional local resistance associated with a small contact area between a sharpened tip and a magnetic multilayer shows a giant magnetoresistance (GMR) such as that seen in bulk multilayers. Point-contact measurements on two independent multilayers of Co/Cu revealed MRs dominated simply by that of the square resistance of the multilayer, with little or no contribution from the contact area itself. Further studies are still needed to determine if this result means that a small contact has little or no local GMR, or if the needle point-contact technique used destroyed the multilayer around the contact, thereby suppressing the GMR. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.364944
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Finite size effects in thin NiMn spin glass layers : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 6151-6153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Measurements of the normalized spin freezing temperatures, Tf/Tbf, (Tbf=bulk spin-freezing temperature) are reported for NiMn/Cu multilayers in which the Mn concentrations are in the spin-glass range and the Cu thickness is held constant at a large enough value (tCu=30 nm) to magnetically decouple the NiMn layers. The variation of Tf/Tbf with NiMn layer thickness, tNiMr, is very similar to the variations previously found for CuMn, AgMn, and AuFe. Quasistatic finite size effects in NiMn spin-glass thus appear to be rather similar to those in the more traditional noble-metal spin glasses. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362055
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The complex mechanical modulus as a structural probe: The case of alkali borate liquids and glasses (1995)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 103 (1995), S. 9907-9917 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Brillouin light scattering has been used to determine the high-frequency complex mechanical modulus of alkali borate liquids and glasses, as a function of the temperature. The temperature dependence of the complex modulus can be described by an enhanced Maxwell model for linear viscoelastic systems. Accordingly, the module comprises relaxational components and a temperature dependent static modulus, which is determined by the equilibrium volume fraction of kinetically arrested domains. Application of this model to the Brillouin data indicates that the structural relaxations in undercooled glass forming liquids occur via relatively distinct mechanisms, each one becoming thermally activated within a different temperature range. The rate of degradation of the network structure increases with increasing alkali content, and is commensurate of the fragility of the liquid. The structural features which are subject to a change in the context of a particular degradation mechanism are released sequentially, i.e., relaxation, facilitated by the rupture of a given network link, is required before other links of the same type become affected by thermal motion. Mechanisms that are activated at high temperatures involve the diffusional displacements of various atomic species. Immediately above Tg, however, structural relaxations are characterized by the dominance of the bulk viscosity over the shear viscosity, and by positive values of the imaginary part of the complex Poisson ratio. This indicates that, to a significant degree, compressive deformations and head-on collisions between structural moieties are involved in the structural relaxations at these low temperatures. It is surmised that the deformation of boroxol rings, where a boron moves out of the BO3 plane to exchange one of its oxygen neighbors, is underlying to this relaxation mechanism, which results in an increase of the average network ring size. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.469880
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Test of unified picture of spin-dependent transport in perpendicular (CPP) giant magnetoresistance and bulk alloys (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 4542-4544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Measurements of current perpendicular (CPP) magnetoresistance (MR) on hybrid and exchange-biased spin valves allow determination of the layer anisotropy parameter β for ferromagnetic alloys, thus allowing testing of whether this CPP β is similar to values obtained from direct measurements on, and theoretical estimates for, dilute bulk ferromagnetic alloys. Of special interest are alloys where β is expected to be negative. In this article, we derive a value of β for a Ni97Cr3 alloy using such spin valves based upon permalloy. We confirm prior CPP-MR results that this β is negative, but our inferred value, β=−0.35±0.1, is closer to bulk and theoretical estimates. Our data thus provide new support for a unified picture of β in the CPP-MR and bulk alloys. We also derive a short spin-diffusion length in NiCr, lsf=3±1 nm. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.370402
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resistance and spin-direction memory loss at Nb/Cu interfaces (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 4545-4547 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A new method is described for measuring the loss of spin-direction memory (spin relaxation) in nonmagnetic materials and at nonmagnetic interfaces. The method involves inserting the material of interest into an exchange-biased spin valve and monitoring the associated reduction in the spin valve's magnetoresistance measured with the current perpendicular to the planes. This technique is tested by investigating spin relaxation near Nb/Cu interfaces. A surprisingly large loss per interface is found, between 15% and 25% with larger values being associated with thicker Nb layers. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.370501
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of hysteresis loops from giant magnetoresistance and magnetometry for perpendicular-current exchange-biased spin valves : The 41st annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 4011-4013 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We compare for permalloy (Py)/Cu/Py or Py/Ag/Py exchange-biased spin valves, hysteresis loops of: (1) giant magnetoresistance (GMR) with current perpendicular to the layer planes (CPP-MR), and (2) magnetization M measured for the same portion of the sample used to measure the CPP-MR. As expected, the two kinds of loops are mostly very similar. There are, however, some slight differences, the source of which is not yet clear. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.365276
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation of multilayer magnetoresistance with ferromagnetic layer sequence: Spin-memory loss effects : The 41st annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 4570-4572 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We find the magnetoresistance (MR) with current flow perpendicular to the layer planes (CPP-MR) of multilayers made of the ferromagnetic metals Co and Py (permalloy=Ni84Fe16) and the nonmagnetic metal Ag to vary with the Co and Py layer sequencing. That is, [Co/Ag/Py/Ag]N (type I) multilayers have larger MRs than [Co/Ag]N[Py/Ag]N (type II) ones, and the difference grows with the number of repeats N. We ascribe the differences to an apparent short spin-diffusion length in Py. Interestingly, similar differences appear also in the current in plane MR, probably due to finite mean-free paths in all three metals, plus interface scattering. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.365431
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on Chironomidae in experimental recirculating stream systems. II. The growth, development and production of a spring generation of Orthocladius (Euorthodadius) calvus Pinder (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 15 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SUMMARY. 〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉1 Orthodadius (Euorthodadius) calvus Pinder. similar to Orthocladius (Euorthodadius) thienemanni Kieffer. colonized a new gravel substratum in two recirculating stream channels. A maximum population density of 68.621 m-2 was attained after only 16 days. This had fallen to a negligible density by the thirty-third day.2Some recruitment occurred over most of the study period (April-May 1981) and no single sharply defined cohort was evident. There was a large range of body lengths within each instar. and considerable overlap between instars. The population density estimates for instars I and II were low compared with instars III and IV.3The relationship between instantaneous growth rate (g) and geometric mean length indicated that growth was best described by a Gompertz curve. Growth rate decreased with increasing length from a value of about 40% length day-1 at 2 mm body length to about 5% length day-1 at 9 mm.4Growth rates for individual larvae, kept in culture, were very variable with maximum rates close to the values determined from the field data. Mean duration of larval life was 16 days.5Estimates of production for the study period ranged from 13.5 g dry wt m-2 (Channel III, size-frequency method) to 34.2 g dry wt m-2 (Channel II, Allen's graphical method, values corrected for non-linear growth).6Gut contents were estimated to represent about 55% of the total weight therefore production values should be reduced by this amount.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1985.tb00197.x
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