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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 84 (1986), S. 1827-1832 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We examine types of short range order that arise in binary liquids from a combination of Coulombic interactions and nonadditivity of excluded volumes, the initial motivation being observations of complex formation by hydrated ions in concentrated aqueous solutions. The model is a fluid of charged hard spheres with contact distances σ+−≠ 1/2 (σ+++σ−−), its structural functions being evaluated in the mean spherical approximation and in the hypernetted chain approximation. Cation–anion pairing is clearly seen in the calculated structural functions for negative deviations from additivity (σ+−〈σ++=σ−−), though the absence of true chemical bonding in the model does not allow long-lived complexes. Positive deviations from additivity (σ+−〉σ++=σ−−) favor long-wavelength concentration fluctuations and demixing in a neutral mixture: these are suppressed by Coulombic interactions in favor of microscopic intermixing of the two species in the local liquid structure, up to like-ion pairing. Comparison is made with diffraction from concentrated aqueous solutions of cadmium sulphate and other instances of possible applicability of the model are pointed out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 85 (1986), S. 2943-2950 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Interfacial properties of an ionic fluid next to a uniformly charged planar wall are studied in the restricted primitive model by both theoretical and Monte Carlo methods. The system is a 1:1 fluid of equisized charged hard spheres in a state appropriate to 1 M aqueous electrolyte solutions. The interfacial density profiles of counterions and coions are evaluated by extending the hypernetted chain approximation (HNC) to include the leading bridge diagrams for the wall–ion correlations. The theoretical results compare well with those of grand canonical Monte Carlo computations of Torrie and Valleau over the whole range of surface charge density considered by these authors, thus resolving the earlier disagreement between statistical mechanical theories and simulation data at large charge densities. In view of the importance of the model as a testing ground for theories of the diffuse layer, the Monte Carlo calculations are tested by considering alternative choices for the basic simulation cell and are extended so as to allow an evaluation of the differential capacitance of the model interface by two independent methods. These involve numerical differentiation of the mean potential drop as a function of the surface charge density or alternatively an appropriate use of a fluctuation theory formula for the capacitance. The results of these two Monte Carlo approaches consistently indicate an initially smooth increase of the diffuse layer capacitance followed by structure at large charge densities, this behavior being connected with layering of counterions as already revealed in the density profiles reported by Torrie and Valleau.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 6 (1985), S. 521-526 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Diamagnetism and paramagnetism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto La localizzazione di elettroni per effetto di repulsioni coulombiane sufficientemente forti porta ad un modello di elettroni che oscillano attorno a siti reticolari in potenziali armonici. Si studia il diamagnetismo orbitale di un siffatto oscillatore localizzato di Wigner in campo magnetico d'intensità arbitraria. Il contributo dovuto al momento angolare orbitale e quello di Langevin-Pauli sono calcolati separatamente mediante il teorema di Feynman. Si discute la possibile connessione dei risultati con il problema della curva di fusione del cristallo di Wigner in campo magnetico.
    Notes: Summary Electron crystallization due to sufficiently strong Coulomb repulsions leads to a model of electrons oscillating about lattice sites in harmonic potentials. We have studied the orbital diamagnetism of such a localized Wigner oscillator in an applied magnetic field of arbitrary strength. The two contributions from orbital angular momentum and from Langevin-Pauli behaviour are separately calculated using Feynman's theorem. Possible relevance to the melting curve of the Wigner crystals in a magnetic field is pointed out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 1061-1067 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Thermodynamic properties ; equations of state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Analytic results for electronic kinetic energy are first presented for a hydrogen atom in a spherical cage for two radii near to the corresponding densities employed in the path-integral Monte Carlo study of isochoric molecular dissociation in dense hydrogen by Magroet al. (Magro W. R., Ceperley D. M., Pierleoni C. andBernu B.,Phys. Rev. Lett.,76 (1996) 1240). The relevance of the «cage» results to the behaviour of dense atomic hydrogen is pointed out. Attention is then shifted to the molecular regime, and the variation with density of electronic kinetic energy for a H2 molecule in a rigid spheroidal cage is compared and contrasted with the Monte Carlo findings. The rigid-cage model mimics this, as well as bond length contraction, under compression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 11 (1989), S. 1509-1514 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Statistical theories of liquid structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary It is shown that long-wavelength concentration fluctuations in a binary liquid metal alloy are determined by a pair interchange free energyw, which is exactly given by the sum of an elastic strain term and of the concentration-concentration direct correlation function. The latter is evaluated in an alloy of homovalent components by electron screening theory in the pseudopotential approach of Shaw and Harrison and shown to be entirely determined by nonlocal terms reflecting charge transfer to the more electronegative alloy component. Numerical calculations for the liquid Na−K alloy show strong cancellation between the two contributions tow at all concentrations, in qualitative agreement with experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 155-167 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Statistical theories of liquid structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The asymptotic behaviours of particle correlation functions and the related sum rules are discussed for a layered classical plasma withe 2/r interactions in the fluid state, in dependence on the number of layers. These properties derive from consistency conditions imposed by screening on the hierarchical equations, as already treated by A. Alastuey and P. A. Martin (J. Stat. Phys.,39, 405 (1985)) for various Coulomb fluids. The main results concern i) the type of clustering of correlations needed for the validity of multipolar sum rules at various orders, ii) the proof that the pair correlation function in a finite multilayer may carry an electric dipole moment and the calculation of its partioning among the layers, and iii) the dimensionality crossover in an infinitely extended or periodically repeated multiplayer with varying interlayer spacing and wave vector.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 1357-1362 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Boson systems ; General studies of phase transitions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Accurate analytic results are obtained for the condensate fraction and the internal energy of mesoscopic systems of non-interacting Bose particles confined in an axially symmetric harmonic trap. Earlier results for a spherical trap are recovered and numerical illustrations for an experimentally relevant case are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 8 (1986), S. 105-122 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Classical, semiclassical and quantum theoreis of liquid structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Il lavoro usa il formalismo del funzionale di densità per discutere la determinazione dei profili di densità in un fluido non omogeneo che può trovarsi localmente in stati di ionizzazione parziale. Con riferimento specifico ai metalli alcalini, la formazione di atomi per legame di ioni ed electtroni è descritta come una «reazione» governata dalla legge di azione di massa. Le condizioni di equilibrio microscopico del fluido sono espresse tramite una matrice di risposta in cui appaiono due contributi, associati rispettivamente ai gradi di libertà interni degli atomi e ad una miscela di tre specie di particelle senza struttura interna. Si propongono quindi schemi approssimati per il calcolo di questi due contributi, con attenzione particolare all’uso di teorie perturbative e alla relazione tra grado di ionizzazione locale e densità localle, in connessione col criterio di Mott per la transizione isolante-metallo. Il formalismo proposto è in particolare appropriato per lo studio dell’interfaccia liquido-vapore in metalli alcalini.
    Abstract: Резюме Используя функционала плотности, исследуется проблема профилей электронной, ионной и атомой ллотностей В неоднодном зидком металле, которий мозет локалщно существоватщ в частично иониэированных состояних. Ионы и электроны могут şвяэыватщся в атомщ череэ «реакцию, определяемую эаконом дейşтвуюших масс. Приводятся формалщно точные уравнения для профнлеи плотности в термина⇆ обратной матрици отклика для неоднородной системы, которая состоит иэ двух чуленов: первий соответствует ссмеси ионов, электронов и бесстрктурных атмов и второй член соответствует атомным внутренним степеням свобды. Предлагаются приближенные схемы для обоых вкладов, обрашая особое бнмание, в частности, 1) как иониэация атомов воэликает бри увеличени влотности, на свяэы с критерием Мота для берехода «металл-иеолятор», и 2) на полеэносты предположения слабой свяэи для межвидовых кореляций. Предложенный Формалиэм, исполыеовалный вместе с параметриэованными пробными функциями для профилей плотнорти, окаэываетця оробенне полеэным для исследования грраницы «жидкостъ-пар» в шелочлых металлах.
    Notes: Summary The problem of the electronic, ionic and atomic density profiles in a nonuniform liquid metal which can locally exist in partially ionized states is examined using the density functional formalism. Ions and electrons are allowed to bind into atoms through a «reaction» governed by the mass action law. Formally exact equations for the density profiles are given in terms of the inverse response matrix of the nonuniform system, which consists of two terms: the first corresponding to to a mixture of ions, electrons and structureless atoms and the other to the atomic internal degrees of freedom. Approximate schemes are proposed for both contributions, stressing, in partieular, i) how ionization of the atoms arises with increasing density and the relation with Mott’s criterion for the metal-insulator transition, and ii) the usefulness of a weak-coupling assumption for interspecies correlations. This formalism used together with properly parametrized trial functions for the density profiles should be particularly useful for studying the liquid-vapour interface of alkali metals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 613-620 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Metal-insulator transitions ; Molten salts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We evaluate and extend an earlier proposal for a microscopic theory of the non-metal-to-metal (NM-M) transition which occurs on dissolving an alkali metal in it molten halide. The transition is viewed as involving a balance between the free-energy gain from the binding of valence electrons into localization centres and the excess free energy of the ionic assembly screened by the electrons. Using parameters estimated for solutions of potassium in potassium chloride and assuming that the elementary process of electronic trapping is the formation ofF-centre-like clusters, Thomas-Fermi screening by metallic electrons is shown to lead to a very sharp NM-M transition at a concentration in the range of 25–30% added metal. Thermally activated hopping of the localized electrons and the evolution of the localization centres with composition are next crudely taken into account by allowing for an additional contribution to the inverse screening length, which is estimated from the electronic localization length. This is shown to lead to a progressive break-up of the localization clusters, accelerating into a NM-M transition in the same concentration range. This simplified theoretical scenario is consistent with the available experimental evidence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 10 (1988), S. 1497-1508 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Studies of specific liquid structures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto È noto che ioni di metalli polivalenti in numerose miscele di alogenuri fusi sono coordinati tetraedricamente da ioni alogeno. Nel lavoro si calcolano le proprietà di legame di complessi tetraedrici isolati formati con gli alogeni dai metalli alcalino-terrosi e dall’Al, con particolare attenzione alla loro stabilità e lunghezze di legame. Si usa a questo scopo un modello ionico derivato per gli alogenuri di Mg, Ca, Sr e Ba da proprietà coesive delle fasi solida e gassosa, estendendolo poi agli alogenuri di Be e di Al. L’utilità semiquantitativa del modello è confermata dal confronto con dati sperimentali per alogenuri liquidi, riguardanti principalmente le frequenze vibrazionali locali da esperimenti di diffusione Raman.
    Abstract: Резюме Известно, что долгоживущие тетраэдрические комплексы поливалентных металлических ионов, благоларя ионам галогенов, являются стабильными в ряде жидких смесей галогенидов. Мы оцениваем связь изолированных тетраэдрических галокомплексов для щелочноземельных металлов и для Al с целью определения их устойчивости и длины связи. Предлагается соответствующая модель межионной силы для галогенидов Mg, Ca, Sr и Ba из анализа когезии в кристаллическом состоянии и в молекулах дигалогенидов. Эта модель обобщается на случай галогенидов Be и Al с подгонкой параметра по измеренным длинам связи Be−F и Al−Cl в жидких смесях. Полуколичественные результаты модели подтверждаются с помощью сравнения длин для других галогенидов алюминия и с помощью имеющейся информации о локальных колебательных частотах из комбинационного рассеяния и экспериментов по инфракрасномы излучению в жидких галогенидах.
    Notes: Summary Long-lived tetrahedral coordination of polyvalent metal ions by halogen ions is known to be stable in a number of liquid halide mixtures. We evaluate the binding of isolated tetrahedral halocomplexes for the alkaline earth metals and for Al, with the main aim of assessing their stability and their bond length. An appropriate interionic force model is available for the halides of Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba from analyses of cohesion in their crystalline state and in dihalide molecules. The model is extended to the halides of Be and Al with the adjustment of a parameter to the measured Be-F and Al-Cl bond lengths in liquid mixtures. The semi-quantitative usefulness of the model is confirmed by comparisons with bond lengths for other Al halides and with extensive information on local vibrational frequencies from Raman scattering and infrared emission experiments on liquid halides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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