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  • 1995-1999  (15)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1930-1934
  • crystal structure  (10)
  • Industrial Chemistry  (5)
  • 1
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Gadolinium sesquihalide ; interstitial carbon units ; crystal structure ; electronic structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: [Gd4(C2)](Cl, I)6, ein interstitiell stabilisiertes, heteroleptisches Gadoliniumsesquihalogenid[Gd4(C2)](Cl, I)6 erhält man aus CsI, Gd, GdCl3 und C2I4 in verschweißten Niob-Ampullen bei 1000/800°C in Form von schwarzen, glänzenden Nadeln. Die Kristallstruktur (tetragonal; P4/mbm; Z = 2; a = 1347,5(1); c = 1212,5(1) pm) ist ähnlich wie jene von Na[Mo4]O6 bzw. [Sc4B]Cl6. Trans-kantenverknüpfte [Gd6]-Oktaeder verlaufen parallel [001]. Sie enthalten interstitielle C2-Einheiten, Jedes dritte Oktaeder enthält fehlgeordnete C2-Einheiten, senkrecht zu jenen in den benachbarten [Gd6(C2)]-Oktaedern. Diese sind daher entlang der (pseudo)-C4-Achse gestaucht. Rechnungen zur elektronischen Struktur zeigen, daß insgesamt 13 Elektronen zur Auffüllung aller Metall-Metall-bindenden Zustände für eine „leere“ [Gd4]Cl6-Struktur nötig wären. Die Einlagerung der C2-Dimeren verändert die Bindungsverhältnisse in [Gd4(C2)]X6 (X = Cl, I) erheblich. Die formale Ladung von -6 der C2-Einheit wird durch das Aufsplitten der πg-Zustände reduziert, Gd—Gd und Gd—C-bindende Zustände werden besetzt und bindende dx2-y2-Orbitale kombinieren zu den am niedrigsten liegenden nicht besetzten Zuständen.
    Notes: [Gd4(C2)](Cl, I)6 is obtained from CsI, Gd, GdCl3 and C2I4 in sealed niobium containers at 1000/800°C as black, shiny needles. The crystal structure (tetragonal, P4/mbm, Z = 2, a = 1347.5(1), c = 1212.5(1) pm) is similar to that of Na[Mo4]O6 and [Sc4B]Cl6. It may be regarded as being built from octahedra sharing common trans edges running in the [001] direction. The octahedra contain C2 units as interstitials. Every third octahedron contains a disordered C2 unit perpendicular to those in the two neighboring [Gd6(C2)] octahedra and is therefore compressed in the direction of the (pseudo) C4 axis. Calculations of the electronic structure of an “empty” [Gd4]Cl6 structure reveals a total of 13 electrons necessary to occupy all metal-metal bonding states. The incorporation of a carbon dimer substantially alters the bonding conditions for [Gd4(C2)]X6 (X = Cl, I). The formal charge of -6 of the C2 unit is significantly reduced as πg states split up, Gd—Gd and Gd—C bonding states are occupied and bonding dx2—y2 orbitals combine to form the lowest unoccupied energy states.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 69 (1997), S. 1220-1221 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 68 (1996), S. 303-307 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 70 (1998), S. 1265-1270 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Membran Processes in the Chemical Industry In the chemical industry (less so in the pharmaceutical industry), membrane technology is still at an early stage of acceptance. However, in this field too, it is gaining increasing importance as an innovative, reliable and, first and foremost, cost-effective alternative to conventional processes. This trend is evidenced by a variety of new plants which have been installed in recent years, and also by the rapidly growing interest in this technology shown by production and design departments. This article gives an overview of the industrial importance of membrane processes in chemical and pharmaceutical production and also presents some typical examples of applications in this field by describing plants which have already been installed and are now in production.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 69 (1997), S. 1282-1283 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 70 (1998), S. 1324-1327 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 623 (1997), S. 908-912 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: In[Nb6Cl15] ; Tl[Nb6Cl15] ; preparation ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthese und Kristallstruktur von M[Nb6Cl15] (M = In, Tl): Neue ternäre Niobhalogenide mit verbrückten [Nb6Cl18]4- -ClusternDie neuen ternären Niobchloride M[Nb6Cl15] (M = In, Tl) wurden durch Festkörperreaktionen stöchiometrischer Gemische von NbCl5, Niobmetall und MCl3 bei 720°C dargestellt. Die Kristallstruktur von In[Nb6Cl15] wurde aus Einkristall-Röntgendaten bestimmt und in der orthorhombischen Symmetrie (Raumgruppe Pmma, Z = 4) mit a = 1786.6(1) pm, b = 1345,52(9) pm, c = 929,34(8) pm, R = 0,028, Rw = 0,037, GooF = 1,06 für alle symmetrieunabhängigen 1552 Reflexe verfeinert. Die Gitter-parameter der isotypen Verbindung Tl[Nb6Cl15] wurden aus Röntgen-Pulverdiffraktometerdaten verfeinert: a = 1785,9(2) pm, b = 1347,2(2) pm, c = 930,2(1) pm. Die Struktur besteht aus [Nb6Cl18]4--Clustern, die über terminale Chlorid-Liganden miteinander verbunden sind und zwei Sorten senkrecht zueinander stehender Ketten bilden, Diese Ketten sind über weitere terminale Liganden zu einem dreidimensionalen Netzwerk verbunden. Die In+- und Tl+-Ionen sind zehnfach koordiniert (in Form eines verzerrten zweifach bekappten Würfels), mit acht inneren und zwei äußeren Chlorid-Liganden.
    Notes: New ternary niobium chlorides corresponding to the formula M[Nb6Cl15] (M = In, T1) were synthesized from solid state reactions of NbCl5, niobium metal, and MCl3 at 720°C. The crystal structure of In[Nb6Cl15] was determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The structure was refined in the orthorhombic symmetry (space group Pmma, Z = 4) with a = 1786.6(1) pm, b = 1345.52(8) pm, c = 929.34(8) pm, RF = 0.028 and Rw = 0.037, GooF = 1.06 for all 1552 unique reflections. The lattice parameters of the isotypic Tl[Nb6Cl15] compound were refined from X-ray powder diffraction data: a = 1785.9(2) pm, b = 1347.2(2) pm, c = 930.2(1) pm. The structure of In[Nb6Cl15] is made up of [Nb6Cl18]4- clusters linked to each other through terminal chloride ligands to form two sets of chains perpendicular to each other. The chains are linked through other terminal ligands to yield a three-dimensional network. The In+ or Tl+ ions are located in a ten coordination site (distorted bicapped cubic geometry) made up of eight inner and two outer chloride ligands.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Polyoxovanadates ; alkoxy hexavanadates ; bis-(trisalkoxy)-hexavanadates: UV/VIS ; IR ; ESR ; magnetic measurements ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cis-/Trans-Isomerism of Bis-(trisalkoxy)-hexavanadates: cis-Na2[V6IVO7(OH)6{(OCH2)3CCH2OH}2] · 8 H2O, cis-(CN3H6)3[VIVV5VO13{(OCH2)3CCH2OH}2] · 4.5 H2O and trans-(CN3H6)2[V6VO13{(OCH2)3CCH2OH}2] · H2OPolyoxovanadates with distorted Lindquist-structure, in which six of the twelve μ2-oxygen atoms are formally replaced by the oxygen atoms of two coordinated pentaerythritol ligands, can be prepared by a simple method in an aqueous medium. The “fully reduced”, six-fold protonated compound cis-Na2[V6VO7(OH)6{(OCH2)3CCH2OH}2] · 8 H2O (1), the mixed valence species cis-(CN3H6)3[VIVV5VO13{(OCH2)3CCH2OH}2] · 4.5 H2O (2) containing one localized VIV centre and the “fully oxidized” compound trans-(CN3H6)2[V6VO13{(OCH2)3CCH2 · OH}2] · H2O (3) have been synthesized and characterized by UV/VIS-, IR- and EPR-spectroscopy, by magnetic measurements, cyclic voltammetry and by a single-crystal X-ray structure analysis.The organic {(CH2)3CCH2OH}3+-groups tend to cap the triangular faces formed by μ2-oxygen atoms of the central approximately octahedral {V6O19}-unit. Therefore the anions of bis-(trisalkoxy)-hexavanadates can exist in a trans-form as well as in an isomeric cis-form referring to a “basic” plane of four vanadium atoms of the {V6}-octahedron. The different relative positions of the ligands have a significant influence on the redox potentials of the compounds.For structural details see “Inhaltsübersicht”.
    Notes: Die beschriebenen Trisalkoxy-polyoxovanadate mit verzerrter Lindqvist-Struktur, in der sechs der zwölf μ2-verbrückenden Sauerstoffatome formal durch die Sauerstoffatome von zwei koordinierten Pentaerythritolliganden ((HOCH2)3CCH2OH) ersetzt wurden, können auf einfache Weise im wäßrigen Medium dargestellt werden. Durch UV/VIS-, IR- und ESR-Spektroskopie sowie durch magnetische Messungen, Cyclovoltammetrie und Röntgenstrukturanalyse wurden die „vollständig reduzierte“, sechsfach protonierte Verbindung cis-Na2[V6IVO7(OH)6{(OCH2)3CCH2OH}2] ·8 H2O (1), das gemischtvalente, ein lokalisiertes V(IV)-Zentrum enthaltende Derivat cis-(CN3H6)3[VIVV5VO13{(OCH2)3CCH2OH}2] · 4,5 H2O (2) sowie die „vollständig oxidierte“ Verbindung trans-(CN3H6)2[V6VO13{(OCH2)3CCH2OH}2] · H2O (3) charakterisiert.Da die organischen {(CH2)3CCH2OH}3+-Gruppen, formal betrachtet, die jeweils aus drei μ2-O-Atomen gebildeten Flächen der zentralen, angenähert oktaedrischen {V6O19}-Einheit überdachen, können die Anionen der Bis-(trisalkoxy)-hexavandate sowohl in einer trans-Form als auch in einer stellungsisomeren cis-Form bezüglich einer aus vier Vanadiumatomen des {V6}-Oktaeders gebildeten „Basis“-Ebene auftreten. Die unterschiedliche Anordnung der Liganden hat einen signifikanten Einfluß auf die Redoxpotentiale der Verbindungen.1: cis-Na2[VI6VO7(OH)6{(OCH2)3CCH2OH}2] · 8 H2O: Raumgruppe P1, a = 987,2(2) pm, b = 1 080,6(2) pm, c = 1 654,3(3) pm, α = 94,83(1)°, β = 98,73(2)°, γ = 116,05(1)°, V = 1,5443(5) nm3, Z = 2, R = 0,067 für 5 913 unabhängige Reflexe [F 〉 4σ(F)].2: cis-(CN3H6)3[VIVV5VO13{(OCH2)3CCH2OH}2] · 4,5 H2O: Raumgruppe Pbca, a = 1 569,5(3) pm, b = 1 652,3(3) pm, c = 2 758,2(6) pm, V = 7,153(2) nm3, Z = 8, R = 0,126 für 2 698 unabhängige Reflexe [F 〉 4σ(F)].3: trans-(CN3H6)2[V6VO13{(OCH2)3CCH2OH}2] · H2O: Raumgruppe C2/c, a = 2 293,4(3) pm, b = 1 102,6(2) pm, c = 1 368,6(2) pm, β = 120,87(1)°, V = 2,9705(8) nm3, Z = 4, R = 0,046 für 2 206 unabhängige Reflexe [F 〉 4σ(F)].
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 275-282 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Lanthanides ; nitride sulfide chlorides ; M6N3S4Cl ; preparation ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Nitride Sulfide Chlorides of the Lanthanides. II. The Composition M6N3S4Cl (M = La—Nd)The oxidation of the “light” lanthanides (M = La—Nd) with sulfur and NaN3 in the presence of the chlorides MCl3 yields chlorine-poor nitride sulfide chlorides with the composition M6N3S4Cl when appropriate molar ratios of the reactants are used. Additional NaCl as a flux secures complete and fast reactions (7 d) at 850°C in evacuated silica vessels as well as single-crystalline products (red-brown needles).The crystal structure was determined from X-ray single crystal data for the limiting representatives La6N3S4Cl (orthorhombic, Pnma (no. 62), Z = 4, a = 1159.7(4), b = 410.95(7), c = 2756.8(9)pm, R = 0.030, Rw = 0.027) and Nd6N3S4Cl (a = 1137.1(3), b = 399.34(6), c = 2687.6(9)pm, R = 0.034, Rw = 0.033). Guinier powder data revealed the cerium and praseodymium analogues to be isotypic.The crystal structure exhibits two different chains of connected [NM4] tetrahedra which are commensurate in translation. Six crystallographically different M3+ are present, two of them (M1 and M2) build up the chain ∞1[(N1)(M1)3/3k · (M2)1/1t]3+ together with (N1)3- by cis-edge connection of tetrahedra. The four remainders (M3—M6) arrange as pairs [N2M6] of edge-shared [NM4] tetrahedra with (N2)3- and (N3)3- which are further connected via four vertices to form the ∞1[(M5)2/2e(N-2){(M3)(1+1)/(1+1)(M4)(1+1)/(1+1))}e(N3)(M6)2∞2v]6+ double chain. Bundled along [010] like a closest packing of rods, both types of chains are held together by five crystallographically different but by X-ray diffraction indistinguishable anions S2- (S1—S4) and Cl- adjusting the charge balance in a molar ratio of 4:1.
    Notes: Die Oxidation der „leichten“ Lanthanide (M = La—Nd) mit Schwefel und NaN3 in Gegenwart der Chloride MCl3 liefert aus Gemengen mit entsprechenden molaren Verhältnissen der Edukte chlorarme Nitridsulfidchloride der Zusammensetzung M6N3S4Cl. Der Zusatz von NaCl als Flußmittel gewährleistet vollständige und schnelle Umsetzungen (7 d) bei 850°C in evakuierten Quarzglasampullen sowie einkristalline Produkte (rotbraune Nadeln).Die Kristallstruktur wurde anhand röntgenographischer Einkristalldaten für die Randvertreter La6N3S4Cl (orthorhombisch, Pnma (Nr. 62), Z = 4; a = 1159,7(4); b = 410,95(7); c = 2756,8(9) pm; R = 0,030; Rw = 0,02(7) und Nd6N3S4Cl (a = 1137,1(3); b = 399,34(6); c = 2687,6(9) pm; R = 0,034; Rw = 0,033) bestimmt. Guinier-Pulveraufnahmen wiesen zudem die Isotypie der Cer-und der Praseodym-Verbindung aus.In der Kristallstruktur liegen zwei unterschiedliche, translationskommensurable Stränge aus verknüpften Tetraedern [NM4] vor. Von den sechs kristallographisch unabhängigen M3+ bilden zwei (M1 und M2) mit (N1)3- durch cis-Kanten-verknüpfung der Tetraeder die Kette ∞1[(N1)(M1)3/3k(M2)1/1t]3+. Die übrigen vier (M3—M6) treten mit (N2)3- und (N3)3- zunächst zu Tetraederdoppeln [N2M6] aus zwei [NM4]-Einheiten mit gemeinsamer Kante zusammen. Diese Dimere sind zusätzlich über vier gemeinsame Ecken zur Doppelkette ∞1[(M5)2/2e · (N2){(M3)(1+1)/(1+1)(M4)(1+1)/(1+1)}k(N3)(M6)2/2e]6+ verbunden. Längs [010] nach Art einer dichtesten Stabpackung gebündelt, wird der Zusammenhalt der Stränge durch fünf kristallographisch unterschiedliche, röntgenographisch jedoch nicht unterscheidbare Anionen S2- (S1—S4) und Cl- besorgt, die im molaren Verhältnis von 4:1 auch den Ladungsausgleich regeln.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 593-596 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Reduced halides ; synthesis ; crystal structure ; europium ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: NaEu2Cl6 and Na0.75Eu2Cl6: Mixed Valent Chlorides of Europium with SodiumThe reaction of Na2EuCl5 with Eu metal in sealed gold tubes yields blue single crystals of NaEu2Cl6. It crystallizes with the hexagonal crystal system (space group P63/m) with a = 755.74(8) pm, c = 429.81(5) pm, Z = 1; the structure is closely related to the UCl3-type. Green single crystals of Na0.75Eu2Cl6 were first obtained as a by-product in the synthesis of Na2EuCl5 in evacuated silica tubes and may be prepared by reduction of EuCl3 with sodium. Na0.75Eu2Cl6 crystallizes isotypic to NaEu2Cl6 with a = 753.69(11) pm and c = 416.3(2) pm.
    Notes: Die Umsetzung von Na2EuCl5 mit Eu-Metall in Goldampullen führt zu blauen Einkristallen von NaEu2Cl6, einem Derivat des UCl3-Typs: Hexagonal, Raumgruppe P63/m, a = 755,74(8) pm, c = 429,81(5) pm, Z = 1. Grüne Einkristalle von Na0,75Eu2Cl6 wurden erstmals als Nebenprodukt bei der Synthese von Na2EuCl5 in evakuierten Quarzglasampullen erhalten, können jedoch auch durch gezielte Reduktion von EuCl3 mit Natrium gewonnen werden. Na0,75Eu2Cl6 ist isotyp mit NaEu2Cl6 mit a = 753,69(11) pm und c = 416,3(2) pm.
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