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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of computer aided molecular design 10 (1996), S. 337-358 
    ISSN: 1573-4951
    Keywords: Genetic algorithms ; Evolutionary programming ; Evolution strategies ; Drug design ; Molecular modelling ; Protein folding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In recent years, search and optimisation algorithms inspired by evolutionary processes have been applied with marked success to a wide variety of problems in diverse fields of study. In this review, we survey the growing application of these ‘evolutionary algorithms’ in one such area: computer-aided molecular design. In the course of the review, we seek to summarise the work to date and to indicate where evolutionary algorithms have met with success and where they have not fared so well. In addition to this, we also attempt to discern some future trends in both the basic research concerning these algorithms and their application to the elucidation, design and modelling of chemical and biochemical structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-4951
    Keywords: Drug design ; De novo design ; Genetic algorithms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Recently, the development of computer programs which permit the de novo design of molecular structures satisfying a set of steric and chemical constraints has become a burgeoning area of research and many operational systems have been reported in the literature. Experience with PRO_LIGAND—the de novo design methodology embodied in our in-house molecular design and simulation system PRO-METHEUS—has suggested that the addition of a genetic algorithm (GA) structure refinement procedure can ‘add value’ to an already useful tool. Starting with the set of designed molecules as an initial population, the GA can combine features from both high- and low-scoring structures and, over a number of generations, produce individuals of better score than any of the starting structures. This paper describes how we have implemented such a procedure and demonstrates its efficacy in improving two sets of molecules generated by different de novo design projects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-4951
    Keywords: Drug design ; De novo design ; Enzyme inhibitors ; Graph theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An approach to de novo molecular design, PRO_LIGAND, has been developed that, in the environment of a large, integrated molecular design and simulation system, provides a unified framework for the generation of novel molecules which are either similar or complementary to a specified target. The approach is based on a methodology that has proved to be effective in other studies-placing molecular fragments upon target interaction sites-but incorporates many novel features such as the use of a rapid graph-theoretical algorithm for fragment placing, a generalised driver for structure generation which offers a large variety of fragment assembly strategies to the user and the pre-screening of library fragments. After a detailed description of the relevant modules of the package, PRO_LIGAND's efficacy in aiding rational drug design is demonstrated by its ability to design mimics of methotrexate and potential inhibitors for dihydrofolate reductase and HIV-1 protease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of computer aided molecular design 10 (1996), S. 397-416 
    ISSN: 1573-4951
    Keywords: Drug design ; Lead generation ; Thrombin inhibitors ; Scoring function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Two new computational tools, PRO_PHARMEX and PRO_SCOPE, for use in active-site-directed searching of 3D databases are described. PRO_PHARMEX is a flexible, graphics-based program facilitating the extraction of pharmacophores from the active site of a target macromolecule. These pharmacophores can then be used to search a variety of databases for novel lead compounds. Such searches can often generate many ‘hits’ of varying quality. To aid the user in setting priorities for purchase, synthesis or testing, PRO_SCOPE can be used to dock molecules rapidly back into the active site and to assign them a score using an empirical scoring function correlated to the free energy of binding. To illustrate how these tools can add value to existing 3D database software, their use in the design of novel thrombin inhibitors is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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