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  • 1995-1999  (15)
  • 1910-1914
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (8)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (5)
  • Choline acetyltransferase  (2)
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Keywords
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Choline acetyltransferase ; Cholinergic neuron ; Visual system ; Bolwig's organ ; Immunocytochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; Drosophila melanogaster (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Choline acetyltransferease (ChAT) is the enzyme catalyzing the biosynthesis of acetylcholine and is considered to be a phenotypically specific marker for cholinergic neurons. We have examined the distribution of ChAT-expressing neurons in the larval nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster by three different but complementary techniques: in situ hybridization with a cRNA probe to ChAT messenger RNA, immunocytochemistry using a monoclonal anti-ChAT antibody, and X-gal staining of transformed animals carrying a reporter gene composed of 7.4 kb of 5′ flanking DNA from the ChAT gene fused to a lacZ reporter gene. All three techniques demonstrated ChAT-expressing neurons in the larval visual system. In embryos, the photoreceptor organ (Bolwig's organ) exhibited strong cRNA hybridization signals. The optic lobe of late third-instar larvae displayed ChAT immunoreactivity in Bolwig's nerve and a neuron close to the insertion site of the optic stalk. This neuron's axon ran in parallel with Bolwig's nerve to the larval optic neuropil. This neuron is likely to be a first-order interneuron of the larval visual system. Expression of the lacZ reporter gene was also detected in Bolwig's organ and the neuron stained by anti-ChAT antibody. Our observations indicate that acetylcholine may be a neurotransmitter in the larval photoreceptor cells as well as in a first-order interneuron in the larval visual system of Drosophila melanogaster.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 24 (1999), S. 1081-1087 
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Choline acetyltransferase ; Drosophila ; Temperature-sensitive mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We used the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to amplify choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) mRNA fragments from two temperature-sensitive alleles of Drosophila melanogaster, Cha ts1 and Cha ts2. Single base substitutions in the mutants (T1614A in Cha ts1 and G1596A in Cha ts2) would result in amino acid changes for ChAT protein (Met403Lys in Cha ts1 and Arg397His in Cha ts2). These base substitutions were confirmed in mRNA extracted from homozygous mutants using a Single Nucleotide Primer Extension assay (SNuPE) and are sufficient to produce thermolabile enzyme. Our results indicate that these temperature-sensitive mutants are point mutations in the structural gene for ChAT. Using a quantitative SNuPE assay we also show that similar levels of Cha ts and wild type transcripts are present in heterozygous flies (Cha ts1/+ and Cha ts2 /+) at both restrictive and permissive temperatures. This contrasts with RNase protection assays of ChAT mRNA in homozygous mutant animals where the levels of mutant mRNA decrease at restrictive temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: antiparallel β-sheet ; twist ; protein folding ; side chain interactions ; branched amino acids ; cystine-rich proteins ; side chain packing ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cross-strand pair correlations are calculated for residue pairs in antiparallel β-sheet for two cases: pairs whose backbone atoms are hydrogen bonded together (H-bonded site) and pairs which are not (non-H-bonded site). The statistics show that this distinction is important. When glycine is located on the edge of a sheet, it shows a 3:1 preference for the H-bonded site. Thestrongest observed correlations are for pairs of disulfide-bonded cystines, many of which adopt a close-packed conformation with each cystine in a spiral conformation of opposite chirality to its partner. It is likely that these pairs are a signature for the family of small, cystine-rich proteins. Most other strong positive and negative correlations involve charged and polar residues. It appears that electrostatic compatibility is the strongest factor affecting pair correlation. Significant correlations are observed for β- and γ-branched residues inthe non-H-bonded site. An examination of the structures showsa directionality in side chain packing. There is a correlation between (1) the directionality in the packing interactions of non-H-bonded β- and γ-branched residue pairs, (2) the handedness of the observed enantiomers of chiral β-branched side chains, and (3) the handedness of the twist of β-sheet. These findings have implications for the formation of β-sheets during protein folding and the mechanism by which the sheet becomes twisted. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: de novo design ; protein structure ; inverse folding ; genetic algorithms ; 1H NMR ; CD ; peptide ; protein folding ; methanol ; ethylene glycol ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In response to the Paracelsus Challenge (Rose and Creamer, Proteins, 19:1-3, 1994), we present here the design, synthesis, and characterization of a helical protein, whose sequence is 50% identical to that of an all-β protein. The new sequence was derived by applying an inverse protein folding approach, in which the sequence was optimized to “fit” the new helical structure, but constrained to retain 50% of the original amino acid residues. The program utilizes a genetic algorithm to optimize the sequence, together with empirical potentials of mean force to evaluate the sequence-structure compatibility. Although the designed sequence has little ordered (secondary) structure in water, circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance data show clear evidence for significant helical content in water/ethylene glycol and in water/methanol mixtures at low temperatures, as well as melting behavior indicative of cooperative folding. We believe that this represents a significant step toward meeting the Paracelsus Challenge.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 34 (1996), S. 2067-2068 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 35 (1997), S. 2167-2176 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polyradicals ; magnetism ; polyacetylene ; polyphenylacetylene ; molecular magnetism ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A photochemical precursor to a pendant conjugated polyradical has been synthesized, poly[3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-[(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)oxalato]phenylacetylene], 3. Irradiation of 3 at 77 K in the solid state at 〈 300 nm yielded poly(3-5-di-tert-butyl-2-oxyphenyl acetylene), 2, with 30-40% of the expected number of radical spins. Spin yields on the surface of solid samples appears to be considerably higher. Electron spin resonance experiments showed no evidence of cooperative exchange interaction between the pendant spins. Computational modeling indicated that a major reason for the failure of this and other polyphenylacetylenes to show ferromagnetic exchange between spins is the substantial twisting of the polyacetylene backbone required by steric interactions, leading to deconjugation and a loss of exchange interaction between pendant radicals along the chain. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 2167-2176, 1997
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 48 (1997), S. 171-175 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Degradation of bondcontacts in chip-on-board microelectronic assembliesThe degradation of bondcontacts in Chip-on-Board assemblies under thermic and corrosive stresses were investigated. Degree for quantity of degradation was the changing of the electrical resistance of the bondcontacts. Connections between the silicon die and the substrate (printed circuit board) were manufactured using the well-known ultrasonic bonding process. The PCB's were plated with functional surfaces of Ni and Au by electrolytic or electroless/immersion methods. The deposition method and the thickness of the gold surface have an important influence in the degradation of bondcontacts under thermic and corrosive stresses. The results show that compared to electroless/immersion gold surfaces wire bonds on thick electrolytic deposited gold surfaces (≥ 1.5 μm) tend much faster to degradation.
    Notes: An Chip-on-Board (COB)-Aufbauten wurde die Degradation (Funktionsminderung) von mikroelektronischen Drahtbondverbindungen unter thermischer und korrosiver Belastung untersucht. Als Maß der Degradation wurde die Veränderung des elektrischen Widerstandes verfolgt. Die Bondverbindung zwischen dem Si-Halbleiterchip und dem Substrat (Leiterplatte) wurde mil dem bekannten Ultraschalldrahtbondverfahren realisiert. Die Metallisierung der Leiterbahnen erfolgte durch galvanische oder außenstromlose Abscheidung der funktionellen Schichten Nickel und Gold. Das Degradationsverhalten unter korrosiver und/odor thermischer Belastung hängt wesentlich von der Art der Schichtabscheidung (Ahscheideverfahren, Schichtdicken) der Ni- und Au-Schichten ab. Bondkontakte auf galvanisch aufgebrachten dicken Goldschichten (≥ 1,5 μm) führen nach den vorliegenden Ergebnissen bedeutend schneller zur Degradation als auf außenstromlos abgeschiedenen, dünnen (etwa 0,1 μm) Flashgold-Schichten.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 48 (1997), S. 237-242 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of tantalum coatings on steel by vacuum plasma sprayingIn this work the possibilities of the production of tantalum coatings by vacuum plasma spraying were investigated.Suitable parameters of the vacuum plasma spraying process were determined, and the quality of vacuum plasma sprayed tantalum coatings was evaluated with regard to chemical composition, adhesion strength, density and corrosion behaviour. To obtain high-quality coatings it was necessary to apply sufficient plasma power as well as an optimal injection of spraying powder into the plasma torch. A complete melting of the tantalum powder particles could not he achieved. The coatings obtained showed a good adhesion strength but a low formability (ductility).The corrosion resistance against HCL and HNO3 was evaluated by curves of the current density versus potential. With the aid of the passive current density it was determined that the corrosion resistance of the sprayed coatings was not as excellent as of compact tantalum. The increased surface roughness was not significant with respect to the corrosion behaviour.The reduced corrosion resistance could be caused probably by a high oxygen content of the tantalum powder, especially by oxides around individual powder particles.In contrast to tantalum, vacuum plasma sprayed titanium coatings showed the same corrosion resistance as compact titanium under the same testing conditions.
    Notes: Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Möglichkeiten zur Herstellung von Tantalbeschichtungen durch Vakuumplasmaspritzen untersucht. Neben den Arbeiten zur Ermittlung geeigneter Beschichtungsbedingungen erfolgte eine Qualitätsbewertung der Tantalspritzschichten u. a. hinsichtlich chemischer Zusammensetzung, Haftfestigkeit, Dichte und Korrosionsbeständigkeit. Zur Erzielung qualitativ hochwertiger Schichten ist neben einer ausreichenden Plasmaleistung eine optimale Injektion des Spritzpulvers erforderlich. Ein vollständiges Aufschmelzen der Tantalpartikel war nicht erreichbar. Die erzielten Spritzschichten wiesen bei geringer Verformbarkeit eine gute Haftfestigkeit auf. Die Korrosionsbeständigkeit in einer Säuremischung aus HCl und HNO3 wurde durch Aufnahme von Stromdichte-Potentialkurven bewertet. Anhand der Passivstromdichte wurde festgestellt, daß die Korrosionsbeständigkeit von kompaktem Tantal nicht erreicht werden konnte. Die erhöhte Oberflächenrauhigkeit spielt dabei eine untergeordnete Rolle. Als mögliche Ursache der verringerten Korrosionsbeständigkeit wird ein erhöhter Sauerstoffgehalt im Spritzpulver angesehen.Ergänzend durchgeführte Untersuchungen an Titan ergaben, daß eine Titanspritzschicht sich hinsichtlich des Korrosionsverhaltens unter den gewählten Prüfbedingungen vom kompakten Titan nicht unterscheidet.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50 (1996), S. 125-135 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: ultrafiltration ; proteins ; colloidal interactions ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A rigorous dynamic mathematical model for predicting the rate of ultrafiltration of proteins has been developed. The model is based on sophisticated descriptions of the protein-protein interactions within the layer close to the membrane surface which are responsible for controlling permeation rate. Electrostatic interactions are accounted for by a Wigner-Seitz cell approach, including a numerical solution of the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation. London-van der Waals forces are calculated using a computationally efficient means of approximating screened, retarded Lifshitz-Hamaker constants. Configurational entropy effects are calculated using an equation of state giving excellent agreement with molecular dynamic data. Electroviscous effects are also taken into account. These descriptions of protein-protein interactions are used to develop an a priori model, with no adjustable parameters, that allows quantitative prediction of the rate of filtration of proteins as a function of zeta potential (and hence pH), ionic strength, applied pressure, protein size, and membrane resistance. A comparison with experimental data for the filtration of bovine serum albumin (BSA) shows that the model is in excellent agreement with such data. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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