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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Pathologe 20 (1999), S. 242-250 
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter APAAP-Methode ; ABC-Methode ; Envision-Methode ; Immuno-Max-Methode ; Kosten ; Key words APAAP-method ; ABC-method ; EnVision-method ; ImmunoMax-method ; Costs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Immunohistochemical staining techniques, such as the APAAP, ABC, EnVision and ImmunoMax methods, play a leading role in the search to solve the questions arising in clinical diagnosis. With the increase in number of techniques for diagnostic examination, the sarch for suitable method is becoming more and more important. The goal of this study was to compare these different treatments with regard to sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, an analysis of time and cost was made. The primary antibodies used were CD20, CD30 and IgM, as well as receptor antibodies estrogen and progesterone. The variable costs of each technique were calculated based on selected examples. The APAAP method required the most time and was, at the same time, by far the most expensive treatment. The EnVision method required the least time and showed very good staining results, which were comparable to those of the ABC and ImmunoMax techniques. The staining costs could be reduced by about 95% and the staining intensity improved substantially by using expensive receptor antibodies in combination with the Immuno-Max method. This study illustrates the importance of knowing different examination techniques, as well as the costs arising by their usage.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Immunhistochemische Färbetechniken, wie die APAAP- und ABC-Methode stellen heute in der pathologischen Routinediagnostik ein weit verbreitetes und akzeptiertes Verfahren zur Darstellung definierter antigener Strukturen dar. Neuere Techniken, wie die EnVision- und ImmunoMax-Methode (Biotinyl-Tyramin-Enhancement), stellen Weiterentwicklungen dar, die eine technische Erleichterung, eine Beschleunigung bzw. eine Steigerung der Sensitivität des immunhistochemischen Verfahrens ermöglichen. Die zunehmende Bedeutung und Erweiterung diagnostischer Untersuchungstechniken führen zu der Frage, welche Methoden stellen für welche Fragestellungen und Anwendungen die geeigneten Verfahren dar? Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, für diese unterschiedlichen Verfahren eine vergleichende Zeit- und Kostenanalyse anzustellen und dabei wichtige Parameter wie Sensitivität und Spezifität zu berücksichtigen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden relevante und häufig verwendete Primärantikörper wie CD20, CD30, IgM sowie die Antikörper gegen Östrogen- und Progesteronrezeptor verwendet. Um eine Vergleichbarkeit der Methoden bezüglich Arbeitsaufwand und -kosten zu ermöglichen, wurden die Techniken zunächst in ihrer Empfindlichkeit aufeinander abgestimmt. An ausgewählten Färbebeispielen wurden die sich stark unterscheidenden Kosten für jede Technik errechnet und der technische Zeitaufwand für jedes Verfahren ermittelt. Die weit verbreitete und etablierte APAAP-Methode stellt die zeitaufwendigste Technik und auch gleichzeitig das mit Abstand kostenintensivste Verfahren dar. Den geringsten Zeitaufwand benötigt man für die EnVision-Detektionsmethode. Die ABC-Methode nimmt eine intermediäre Stellung ein; sie stellt die kostengünstigste Methode für die meisten Anwendungen dar und bedarf eines mittelhohen Zeitaufwandes. Die ImmunoMax-Methode stellt eine relativ zeitaufwendige und für viele paraffingängige Standardantikörper nicht notwendige Methode dar; jedoch führt sie zu dramatischen Kostenersparnissen bei der Verwendung teurer Primärantikörper. Darüber hinaus erhält man dabei eine bemerkenswerte Sensitivitässteigerung, was für jene Anwendungen bedeutsam sein kann, die mit Standardtechniken zu keinen oder zu unzureichenden Ergebnissen führen (z.B. viele niedrig exprimierte Antigene). Dieses wurde hier am Beispiel der kostenintensiven und diagnostisch/therapeutisch bedeutsamen Hormon-Rezeptor-Antikörper aufgezeigt. Die vorliegende Arbeit verdeutlicht, wie wichtig es ist, neben der Vielzahl verschiedener Untersuchungsverfahren, die entstehenden Kosten einerseits und die potentiellen Möglichkeiten der Techniken andererseits zu kennen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 48 (1997), S. 490-501 
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Water-soluble diblock copolymers (DBCPs) with a polyelectrolyte block are accessible by sequential anionic polymerization of tert-butylmethacrylate (TBMA) and ethylene oxide (EO), followed by polymer analogous conversion of the PTBMA into poly(methyacrylic acid) (PMAA) blocks. These materials are highly efficient dispersants for oxide ceramic powders in aqueous media. A series of block copolymer samples with Mn ranging from 1300 to 38 900, and (EO:MAA) block length ratios from 0.5 to 11.7 were prepared with polydispersities close to 1.2. The influence of overall molecular weight and block length ratio, pH and ionic strength on the stability of aqueous α-Al2O3 suspensions was investigated by sedimentation and adsorption experiments, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and electrokinetic measurements. The copolymers are capable of stabilizing alumina suspensions by a combination of specific adsorption of one block on the particle surface and a shielding effect provided by the nonadsorbing block. In addition, the adsorption of the negatively charged PMAA block on the oppositely charged alumina surface reverses the electrophoretic potential of the oxide particles, a process which is strongly pH dependent. With respect to the powder dispersing efficiency, an optimum was found when the DBCP consisted of a short PMAA anchoring and an approximately tenfold longer PEO stabilizer block with an overall molecular weight of about 5000. Alumina suspensions with the DBCP added were highly dispersed and rather stable against salt addition in a much wider pH window than block-copolymer-free suspensions.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: About 340 g of a cycloaliphatic ionene (see formula given in the introduction) were fractionated by a continuous counter-current extraction method (CPF). The efficiency of the separation was checked by viscometry and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Ten different fractions with number average molecular masses between 16 000 and 29 000 D were obtained and their glass transition temperatures Tg determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for their bromide and tetrafluoroborate salts. No molecular weight dependence of Tg was found, in contrast to recently reported results with aliphatic ionenes, where  -  in case of the bromide  -  Tg increases with rising molecular weight.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 46 (1995), S. 233-240 
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A series of comb-like ionenes with aliphatic side chains of different length and organic main chain spacer groups of different size have been synthesized by the step-growth polymerization of long aliphatic chain-substituted diamines with α,ω-dibromoalkanes. Highly ordered films of layered structure have been obtained by solution casting. The long side chains crystallize with an interdigitating hexagonal packing perpendicular to the film plane. The perfection of the side chain packing is related to the size of the spacer group in the main chain as well as to the valence of the counterions, but also depends on the thermal history of the samples. It is in all cases comparable to the quality of aliphatic chain packing in LB multilayers of surfactants. The comb-like ionenes exhibit liquid-crystalline textures above their side chain melting transition.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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