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  • 1995-1999  (7)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (5)
  • Prophylaxeresistenz  (2)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Thyroxin ; Schilddrüsenhormone ; Therapieresistente Depression ; Prophylaxeresistenz ; Major Depression ; Bipolare Störungen ; Key words Thyroxine ; Thyroid hormones ; Therapy- resistant depression ; Prophylaxis-resistance ; Major depression ; Bipolar disorde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The following review summarizes current knowledge on the treatment of therapy-resistant patients with affective disorders with supraphysiological doses of thyroxine (T4). Several groups have reported independently of each other that administration of 200–500 µg T4/day has excellent effects in 50–65% of patients a) with bipolar disorder, with or without „rapid cycling” course, who were previously resistant to all prophylactic drugs and b) in the treatment of therapy-resistant depression. T4 is effective only in combination with an antidepressant or a prophylactic drug. Side effects are minimal, even when T4 is administered over several years. These results now justify to recommend high dose T4-augmentation as „last-resort” treatment also beyond research purposes, i. e. in psychiatric wards and in private practice. Recommendations for clinical applications are given and hypotheses on possible mechanisms underlying the efficacy of T4 treatment are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die nachfolgende Übersicht faßt die bisherigen Erfahrungen mit einer hochdosierten Thyroxin(T4)-Behandlung bei therapie- und prophylaxeresistenten Patienten mit affektiven Psychosen zusammen. Mehrere voneinander unabhängige Arbeitsgruppen berichteten in offenen Studie über ausgezeichnete prophylaktische bzw. therapeutische Ergebnisse einer Behandlung mit „supraphysiologischen” Dosen von T4 (200 bis 500 µg pro Tag) bei 50 bis 65% aller bislang prophylaxeresistenten bipolaren Patienten mit oder ohne Rapid-cycling-Verlauf sowie bei bisher therapieresistenten Depressionen. T4 ist nur bei gleichzeitiger Medikation eines Antidepressivums bzw. Phasenprophylaktikums wirksam. Die Nebenwirkungen sind – auch bei Langzeitbehandlung – in fast allen Fällen minimal. Diese Ergebnisse rechtfertigen, die hochdosierte T4-Behandlung als „Mittel der letzten Wahl” bei therapie- und prophylaxeresistenten Patienten mit affektiven Psychosen in Zukunft auch außerhalb der Forschung, d. h. auf den Stationen Psychiatrischer Abteilungen sowie in Nervenarztpraxen durchzuführen. Praktische Empfehlungen zur Durchführung dieser Behandlung werden gegeben und die möglichen Wirkungsmechanismen diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 70 (1999), S. 587-599 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Bipolare Störung ; Rapid Cycling ; Prophylaxeresistenz ; Langzeitbehandlung ; Lithium ; Antikonvulsiva ; Thyroxin ; Kalzium-Antagonisten ; Key words Bipolar disorder ; Rapid cycling ; Resistance to prophylaxis ; Long-term-treatment ; Lithium ; Anticonvulsants ; Thyroxine ; Calcium channel blockers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Lithium is still regarded as the first choice substance in the prophylactic treatment of bipolar disorder. However, approximately one third of patients with a „classic” course of bipolar affective disorder do not adequately respond to lithium prophylaxis. The introduction of carbamazepine and valproic acid allowed a more differential syndrome- and course-orientated approach to the prophylactic treatment of bipolar disorder for the first time. However, about 10 to 20 percent of patients still remain refractory to standard regimes. Therefore, criteria for resistance to prophylactic treatment have to be further established. It has been suggested that at least two adequate trials of more than 12 months duration with sufficient drug blood levels have to be performed before refractoriness should be assumed. A severe subtype of affective disorder with poor response to lithium and other treatment approaches is a rapid cycling course which is characterised by at least four affective episodes per year. Here we present an overview of the currently available alternatives for prophylactic treatment, i.e. anticonvulsants, combination treatment, adjunctive thyroxine, calcium channel blockers, and more experimental approaches for treating refractory bipolar disorder patients. Suggestions for optimizing the prophylactic treatment of bipolar disorder are summarized in an algorithm.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für die Prophylaxe der manisch-depressiven (bipolaren) Erkrankung gilt Lithium weltweit weiterhin als Mittel der ersten Wahl. Etwa ein Drittel der Patienten mit der „klassischen” Verlaufsform der Erkrankung spricht jedoch nicht zufriedenstellend auf eine Lithiumprophylaxe an. Die Einführung der beiden Antikonvulsiva Carbamazepin und Valproat erlaubt erstmals zwar eine differentiellere Verlaufsform- und syndromorientierte Phasenprophylaxe, ein Teil der Patienten – etwa 10–20% – bleibt jedoch refraktär auf die gängige Rezidivprophylaxe. Die Prophylaxeresistenz ist ein bislang in der Literatur nicht genau definierter Begriff. Als klinisch-pragmatische Definition wird das Nichtansprechen auf mindestens zwei verschiedene, adäquat durchgeführte Behandlungsversuche – jeweils über mindestens 12 Monate bei ausreichenden Serumspiegeln der Phasenprophylaktika – vorgeschlagen. Eine spezielle Form einer Prophylaxeresistenz findet sich bei Patienten mit Rapid Cycling, einer malignen Verlaufsform mit mindestens 4 affektiven Episoden in den vergangenen 12 Monaten, die in der Regel auf Lithium, aber auch auf andere Substanzen häufig nicht anspricht. Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die derzeitigen Alternativen in der Prophylaxe zu Lithium in der Rezidivprophylaxe bipolarer Störungen (u.a. Antikonvulsiva, Zweifach- und Dreifachkombinationen, adjuvante Thyroxin-Therapie, Kalzium-Antagonisten und experimentelle Verfahren) und stellt die Möglichkeiten der Prophylaxeoptimierung anhand eines Algorithmus dar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 48 (1997), S. 199-200 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 48 (1997), S. 71-71 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 46 (1995), S. 241-246 
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Chemical as well as structural modifications of highly branched polycyanurates can be achieved by using the reaction of dicyanates with monofunctional phenols. The key products of this reaction are iminocarbonic esters formed by addition of cyanato and phenolic groups. Two mechanisms are discussed for the second reaction step: an addition of two cyanato groups and an iminocarbonic ester (Route A) and a stepwise addition of iminocarbonic esters (Route B). The crucial difference between the two reactions is the number of abstracted phenolic groups per formation of one triazine ring: one for Route A and three for Route B. The effects of these reaction mechanisms on the gelation behavior and network buildup are studied theoretically with the help of cascade theory as well as experimentally by the reaction of dicyanate of bisphenol A with five different monophenols. The results clearly show that only with a model which is based on Route B can both the critical conversions at the gelation threshold and the gel fractions be modeled quantitatively. Furthermore, phenols with low pKa values were found to have an increased tendency of incorporation into the network.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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