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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ketotifen pharmacokinetics in children with atopic perennial asthma (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 52 (1997), S. 383-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Ketotifen; pharmacokinetics ; children ; ␣clearance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Published pharmacokinetic data on ketotifen are sparse, although it is a commonly used prophylactic agent in various allergic disorders in adults and children. The aim of this study was to assess the steady-state pharmacokinetics of ketotifen in children with atopic perennial asthma who were participating in a clinical trial. Method: The NONMEM population approach with sparse sampling was utilized. The data set consisted of 239 samples from 48 children who were randomized to receive either 1 mg or 2 mg oral ketotifen daily. Patients underwent a clinical examination and had a blood sample taken at 2-week intervals for 12 weeks. The ketotifen concentrations were measured by RIA. Results: A one-compartment model with first-order absorption was fit to the data. Volume was estimated at 394 l and clearance (CL) at 97.4 l · h−1 (3.6 l · h−1 · kg−1). Weight or body surface area were the most influential covariates for explaining interindividual variability in CL. The 2-mg dose appeared to have a relative bioavailability of 85% of the 1-mg dose. Conclusion: Children have a faster clearance of ketotifen than adults and would therefore require a higher dose per kilogram body weight to give comparable steady-state levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050305
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of phenobarbitone population clearance values for South African children (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 48 (1995), S. 381-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenobarbitone ; children ; population pharmacokinetics ; NONMEM ; concomitant medication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Non-linear Mixed Effects Modelling (NONMEM) was used to estimate phenobarbitone population clearance values for South African children, using 52 serum levels gathered from 32 patients during their routine care. NONMEM was also used to evaluate the influence of fixed effects such as weight, age and concomitant medication. The final model describing phenobarbitone clearance was CL=[Exp(0.0288 Wt−2.53)] M, where CL=clearance (l·h−1), Exp=the base of the natural logarithm, Wt=patient weight (kg) and M=a scaling factor for concomitant medication with a value of 1 for patients on phenobarbitone monotherapy, 0.62 for those receiving concomitant valproate and 0.87 for those patients receiving concomitant carbamazepine or phenytoin. Mean (95% confidence interval) phenobarbitone clearance values were 7.6 ml·h−1·kg−1 (6.2, 9.0 ml·h−1·kg−1) for the monotherapy group, 5.0 ml·h−1·kg−1 (4.0, 6.0 ml·h−1·kg−1) in the presence of concomitant valproate and 6.8 ml·h−1·kg−1 (5.6, 8.0 ml·h−1·kg−1) in the presence of concomitant carbamazepine or phenytoin. These values are similar to those previously reported from both traditional and NONMEM pharmacokinetic studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194954
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pollination of sevenPlectranthus spp. (Lamiaceae) in southern Natal, South Africa (1999)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 218 (1999), S. 99-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Lamiaceae ; Plectranthus ; Nemestrinidae ; Stenobasipteron ; Prosoeca ; Acroceridae ; Psilodera ; Anthophoridae ; Amegilla ; Pollination ; long-tubed flowers ; long-proboscid flies ; Natal Group sandstone ; adaptive radiation ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genusPlectranthus (Lamiaceae) shows remarkable radiation on the sandstones of southern Natal and northern Transkei in South Africa, where six endemic species occur. Two of these endemic species,P. hilliardiae andP. oribiensis, are included in this study, as well asP. reflexus, for which only limited data are available. The other species that were studied areP. ambiguus, P. ciliatus, P. ecklonii, P. madagascariensis andP. zuluensis. Four of these taxa,P. ambiguus, P. hilliardiae, P. reflexus andP. saccatus var.longitubus, have uniquely long corolla-tubes (20–30mm) and this is related to pollination by nemestrinid flies of the genusStenobasipteron that have proboscides of similar length. Other nemestrinid species of the genusProsoeca have shorter proboscides and pollinate two species ofPlectranthus with shorter corolla-tube lengths (6–15mm). Acrocerid flies, tabanid flies and anthophorid bees are also important visitors to these species. This study on the pollination of seven species of varying corolla-tube lengths shows a correlation between floral tube length and proboscis length of insect visitors, many of which are recorded for the first time as pollinators ofPlectranthus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01087038
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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