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  • 1995-1999  (2)
  • Soil compaction  (1)
  • conductive composites  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative analysis of earthworm burrow systems with respect to biological soil-structure regeneration after soil compaction (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 219-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Earthworms ; Soil compaction ; Burrow systems ; X-ray computed tomography ; Biological soil-structure regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  On arable land, tilled with conventional tillage (CT) and conservation tillage (CS) respectively, plots were compacted by wheeling them 6 times with a 5 Mg wheel load in spring 1995. Immediately after compaction, undisturbed soil monoliths were excavated from the compacted and uncompacted plots. The monoliths were defaunated and inoculated with either Lumbricus terrestris or Aporrectodea caliginosa. One monolith from each plot remained uninoculated as a control. After 6 months the monoliths were defaunated again and then scanned with X-ray helical computed tomography. The data were transformed, the void systems inside the monoliths were reconstructed and visualised, and the parameters total void length, total void volume, tortuosity and continuity were quantified. The parameters' values were generally lower in the controls than in the inoculated monoliths. Differences in burrow construction could be explained by the different life strategies of the two earthworm species. Changes in burrow morphology due to tillage system and soil compaction were minor. Only the continuity of the burrow systems clearly changed: decreasing for L. terrestris and increasing for A. caliginosa. This can be explained by a change in the earthworms' burrowing activity to minimise energy expenditure in compacted soil. By extrapolating field data, we concluded that earthworms have great potential for biologically regenerating the soil structure after a single compaction event. Due to higher earthworm abundances in soil managed by CS the regeneration of the soil structure is assumed to be better in these plots than those tilled by CT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050486
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Colourless, transparent conductive polymer films with ultrathin networks of organic crystals (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 330-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: conductive composites ; organic metals ; BEDO-TTF ; nanocrystals ; polymer composites ; optical properties ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The possibilities of increasing the transparency of conductive organic polymeric composites obtained by growing crystalline conductive networks in situ are discussed and new methods of preparation of practically colourless conductive polymer films are presented. We show that in most cases the colour which appears during the preparation of a conducting composite by reticulate doping is not directly related to the conducting network, which usually consist of relatively well-formed microcrystals, but results instead from the additive molecules present in the polymer matrix as less organised aggregates or a molecularly dispersed phase. By an appropriate choice of preparation conditions or electrochemically one can get rid of the strongly absorbing part of the complex so that the absorption in the visible range can be substantially reduced without losing conductivity and without deterioration of the conductive network.These phenomena are demonstrated on polycarbonate with fine networks of BEDO-TTF iodine and bromine salts obtained by casting or spin coating in order to obtain thin homogeneous films, e.g. to prepare electrodes for electro-optical investigations. Transparent, colourless conductive films 20-2 μm thick (surface resistivity of the order of 103-104 Ω/□) have been obtained and the structure of the conductive networks in these materials, their optical properties in the visible and near-infrared range as well as their electrical properties are discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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