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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Financial accountability and management 11 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper highlights the requirement for Executive Agencies to be more directly accountable to those outside their immediate management, especially con- cerning performance. The paper discusses the importance of performance information in external reporting and, through an analysis of 57 recent annual reports, examines the extent to which such information is disclosed. By comparing the results of this analysis with earlier evidence, changes in emphasis are identified. The research, although questioning the adequacy of performance reporting by Agencies, provides evidence of improvement over time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers
    Financial accountability and management 13 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The use of quantitative, often non-financial, targets and performance measures in the plans of both businesses and not-for-profit organisations has recently received increasing attention in the academic literature. In the UK public sector this has been particularly important, given the rise of New Public Management. This has resulted in a shift from issues of policy to issues of management, and the break-up of traditional bureaucratic structures. These changes have been supported by an increasing focus on setting quantitative targets which cover all aspects of an organisation's performance. This paper seeks to examine the possible role of quantitative targets in planning and control in public sector organisations. Furthermore, through an exploratory study of over eighty planning documents from executive agencies, the nature and breadth of targets being used are examined and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 72 (1998), S. 2583-2585 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Rapid thermal processing for junction formation is emerging as a low cost technique for solar cell as well as for other semiconductor device production. Compared to conventional furnace processing, process differences are not only in very high heating and cooling rates, but also in the incoherent emitted radiation spectrum, which can act on dopant diffusion. The photons emitted from tungsten halogen lamps go from far ultraviolet, over visible to infrared light. In this work additional mercury ultraviolet lamps are used during rapid thermal annealing to analyze the influence of high energetic photons on diffusion mechanisms. The diffusion results are discussed in terms of radiation spectrum, involving analysis of diffusion profiles and sheet resistances. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary Retrievals from TIROS-N Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) data with the International TOVS Processing Package (ITPP version 3.3) and the Improved Initialisation Inversion (3I version 2) algorithms are investigated. The comparative study comprises the retrieval mechanism from the first guess to the final result for collocated radiosonde/satellite data as well as the problem of horizontal resolution for simulated Antarctic cold air pools. For the latter problem, TOVS brightness temperatures are computed for simulated NOAA-10 overpasses in the Weddell Sea region of Antarctica by the ITPP and the 3R (Rapid Radiance Recognition) forward models for retrievals with ITPP and 3I, respectively. The main results of this study are: - Comparisons of ITPP and 3R forward models with collocated radiosonde data for cloudless Antarctic profiles yield differences less than 2 K except for HIRS-channel 1 and water vapour channels. - For typical examples of Antarctic profiles for the coastal region, results of 3I retrievals lie closer to the collocated radiosonde profiles than ITPP retrievals even for cases with surface inversions. - Simulations of cold air pools for cloud-free conditions show that cold air pools with a strong temperature anomaly and with diameters of 800 km and greater are well reproduced by ITPP and 3I. For smaller cold air pools with a moderate temperature perturbation, the resolution limits are reached if the diameter is smaller than 400 and 200 km for ITPP and 3I, respectively. ITPP retrievals have smaller horizontal gradients and higher values for geopotential thicknesses in the center of the cold air pools. The better performance of the 3I retrievals for smaller cold air pools is a consequence of the better first guess of the TIGR dataset compared with the regression first guess of the ITPP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 15 (1997), S. 300-305 
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract During magnetic storms an anomalous increase in the ionization density of the nighttime E region is observed at low and middle latitudes. It has been suggested that this effect is caused by the precipitation of neutralized ring current particles. Here a coupled ring current decay-ionosphere model is used to confirm the validity of this explanation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 12 (1998), S. 721-726 
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Key words: Polycystic kidney disease ; Polycystin ; PKD1 ; PKD2 ; Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease ; orpk ; Tg737 ; Epidermal growth factor receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. In recent years there have been a number of developments in polycystic kidney disease (PKD) research. The genes associated with the predominant forms of autosomal dominant PKD have been cloned, and the gene associated with a mouse model for autosomal recessive PKD has been identified and characterized. Other studies have yielded new information regarding the role of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in promoting renal cyst formation. In this review article we summarize recent pulished data on the molecular genetics of autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive PKD and provide a working model of how multiple genes participate in the PKD disease pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 6 (1995), S. 257-266 
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Bladder cancer ; cohort study ; esophageal cancer ; liver cancer ; perchloroethylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Exposure to perchloroethylene (PCE) occurs in a number of occupational settings in which organic solvents are used, and, in particular, is widely prevalent in the dry-cleaning industry. This review summarizes the results of studies of the occurrence of the individual types of cancer in dry cleaners. Two of those cancers of greatest a priori concern (because of results in PCE-exposed experimental animals)-liver cancer and leukemia-have not occurred with increased frequency among persons employed in the dry-cleaning industry. Rates were elevated by about a factor of two for esophageal and bladder cancers, but not increased clearly for any other site. The excess mortality from esophageal cancer was well beyond the limits of chance, based on a total of 23 deaths that occurred in the two principal cohort-studies of dry cleaners. There was some indication of a particularly high risk associated with prolonged employment and a long interval since first employment. However, the possible confounding effect of the combination of cigarette smoking and heavy alcohol consumption, a very strong risk factor for the development of esophageal cancer, could be taken into account only partially in these studies. With regard to bladder cancer, the limited data available suggest that the observed increased risk could be due to exposure to other solvents than PCE used in dry cleaning. The potential influence of occupational exposure to PCE on the occurrence of esophageal and bladder cancer needs continued examination in further follow-up of existing cohorts of dry cleaners, the assembly of additional cohorts, and in large case-control studies that ascertain occupational exposures in some detail.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 6 (1995), S. 439-444 
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: China ; Hawaii ; Japan ; migrant studies ; the Philippines ; thyroid neoplasms ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We compared incidence rates of primary cancer of the thyroid among United States-born and foreign-born Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino residents of the US with rates among US-born Whites. Thyroid cancers diagnosed between 1973 and 1986 occurring among individuals 15 to 84 years of age residing in western Washington state, the San Francisco-Oakland (California) area, or the state of Hawaii were included in the analysis. Population estimates by age, gender, ethnicity, and country of birth were obtained for these areas from the US Bureau of the Census. Filipino women born in the Philippines had 3.2 (95 percent confidence interval=2.7–3.8) times the rate of thyroid cancer of US-born White women, while US-born Filipino women were not at any increased risk. Philippine-born Filipino men also had a relatively high rate of thyroid cancer (relative risk [RR]=2.6), more so than US-born Filipino men (RR=1.5). Among Japanese, risk of thyroid cancer varied by birthplace, but the direction of the association differed by gender and by histologic type of cancer. No clear association with birthplace was noted among Chinese men or women. These data suggest that persons residing in one or more regions from which Filipino-Americans migrated have been exposed to environmental influences that have increased their subsequent risk of thyroid cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Asian-Americans ; China ; Japan ; migrants ; non-Hodgkin's lymphoma ; Philippines ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We examined the incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino residents of the United States to obtain further clues about the etiology of the disease. The age, race, and birthplace of residents of Hawaii, San Francisco/Oakland (California), and western Washington who had received a diagnosis of NHL during the period 1973–86 were obtained from population-based cancer registries, and a special tabulation from the 1980 Census was used to estimate the number of person-years at risk for each category of resident. The incidence of NHL in each of the Asian groups examined was 35 to 85 percent that of US-born Whites. However, there was no consistent trend of increasing incidence with increasing generation of residence in any of the groups. In Asian-Americans, the risk of small cell lymphocytic and plasmacytoid lymphoma was 10 to 85 percent that of Whites, although no clear trends of risk with generation of residence in the US were observed. They also were at a reduced risk of follicular lymphoma, and in Chinese and Japanese persons, the risk was lower in first generation than in later generation migrants (Chinese: Asian-born relative risk [RR]=0.11, US-born, RR=0.84; Japanese: Asian-born, RR=0.15, US-born, RR 0.36). The risk of diffuse lymphoma was similar in Chinese-and Japanese-Americans and US-born Whites. We conclude that, with the exception of follicular lymphoma, the basis for the relatively low incidence of NHL in Asian-Americans does not lie in exposures or characteristics that differ between the migrants themselves and their descendants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 7 (1996), S. 415-420 
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Abortion ; ovarian neoplasms ; pregnancy ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Because of the reduced risk of ovarian cancer related to prior full-term pregnancies, we sought to determine whether there was any association with a history of one or more incomplete pregnancies. White female residents of three counties in Washington State (United States) diagnosed with ovarian cancer during 1986–88 (n=322), and a random sample of control women selected from these same counties (n=426), were interviewed regarding their pregnancy and childbearing histories. Among women who had given birth to at least one child, an additional incomplete pregnancy was not associated with the risk of ovarian cancer (relative risk [RR]=1.1, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=0.8–1.6, adjusting for age, oral contraceptive use, and number of births). For those who had never given birth, a somewhat smaller proportion of cases had a history of incomplete pregnancy than controls (RR=0.8, CI=0.4–1.7). In an analysis restricted to ever-pregnant women, a prior induced or spontaneous abortion was not found to be associated with the incidence of ovarian tumors (RR=1.0, CI=0.6–1.7, and RR=1.3, CI=0.8–1.9, respectively). Other studies of the possible relation between incomplete pregnancies and ovarian cancer generally have observed either a weak negative association or no association at all. It is possible that if incomplete pregnancies do affect the risk of ovarian cancer, their impact might be too small to be identified reliably through epidemiologic studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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