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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proceedings of the Symposium ‘Angiotensin AT1 Receptors: From Molecular Physiology to Therapeutics’: ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTORS AND DEVELOPMENT: THE KIDNEY (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology 23 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1681
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: 〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉1This brief review examines the evidence that angiotensin II (AngII) is essential for kidney development.2Several components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are detected in the foetal kidney early in development.3Angiotensin II is essential for normal foetal and neonatal renal function.4Angiotensin II receptors transduce important signals leading to growth and development.5Angiotensin receptor subtypes show spatial and temporal specificity of localization throughout renal development.6Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition or AngII receptor blockade (specifically AT1 subtype blockade) results in functional and structural abnormalities of the developing kidney in both experimental and clinical situations.7While chronic postnatal RAS blockade in rats is associated with structural damage to tubules and blood vessels of the kidney, reports differ on whether treatment also affects glomerular induction and growth.8In metanephric organ culture, glomerular induction proceeds despite AngII receptor blockade.9In summary, the evidence suggests that AngII is not essential for nephron induction and glomerular development in the rat kidney. However, AngII is essential for normal growth and development of renal tubules and vasculature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.1996.tb02819.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proceedings of the Symposium ‘Angiotensin AT1 Receptors: From Molecular Physiology to Therapeutics’: PRESENCE OF ANGIOTENSIN II AT2 RECEPTOR BINDING SITES IN THE ADVENTITIA OF HUMAN KIDNEY VASCULATURE (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology 23 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1681
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: 〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉1Angiotensin II (AngII) receptor subtypes in adult human kidney were pharmacologically characterized by in vitro autoradiography using the AngII receptor subtype-selective antagonists, losartan and PD 123319, and the sensitivity to the reducing agent, dithiothreitol.2High densities of AngII AT1 receptor binding occur in the glomeruli and the inner stripe of the outer medulla, while a moderate AT1 receptor binding is localized in the proximal convoluted tubules.3AT2 receptor binding is observed predominantly in the intrarenal large blood vessels, including the arcuate, inter- and intra-lobular arteries, and in the renal capsule.4In the major renal artery, AT1 receptor binding is abundant in the media and adventitia, while AT2 receptor binding is observed mainly in the adventitia.5At the light microscopic level using emulsion autoradiography, AT1 receptors are localized in the glomeruli and juxtaglomerular apparatus, as expected. However, in larger renal blood vessels, including the arcuate arteries, inter- and intra-lobular arteries, intense AT2 receptor labelling occurs primarily in the adventitia, while the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle layers contain only low levels of AngII receptor binding.6These results indicate that the adult human kidney displays two pharmacologically distinct AngII receptor subtypes, with AT1 predominating in the glomeruli, juxtaglomerular apparatus, proximal tubules and the inner stripe of the outer medulla, while AT2 predominates in the adventitia of the arcuate and interlobular arteries and the renal capsule. The functional significance of AT2 receptor binding sites in the adventitia of adult human kidney vessels remains to be elucidated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.1996.tb03077.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RAT RENOMEDULLARY INTERSTITIAL CELLS POSSESS BRADYKININ B2 RECEPTORS IN VIVO AND IN VITRO (1999)
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Asia Pty. Ltd.
    Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology 26 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1681
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: 1. Renomedullary interstitial cells (RMIC), abundant throughout the medulla of the kidney, have been demonstrated to have binding sites for many vasoactive peptides, including atrial natriuretic peptide, endothelin, angiotensin II and bradykinin (BK). These observations would support the hypothesis that interactions between RMIC and vasoactive peptides are important in the regulation of renal function.2. We aimed to localize the BK B2 receptor binding site to RMIC in vivo and to also demonstrate that these receptors are biologically active in vitro.3. The present study demonstrates BK B2 binding sites on RMIC of the inner stripe of the outer medulla and the inner medulla of the rat kidney in vivo.4. We further demonstrate that the BK B2 radioligand [125I]-HPP-Hoe140 specifically bound to rat RMIC in vitro. In addition, reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction detected the mRNA for the BK B2 receptor subtype in cell extracts.5. For RMIC in vitro, cAMP levels were increased at 1 min and cGMP levels were increased at 2 min after treatment with 10–10 and 10–7 mol/L BK, respectively. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate was increased at 10 s treatment with both 10–6 and 10–7 mol/L BK.6. For RMIC in vitro, BK induced an increase in cell proliferation ([3H]-thymidine incorporation) and an increase in extracellular matrix synthesis (ECM; trans-[35S] incorporation), both effects mediated by BK B2 receptors.7. We conclude that BK B2 receptors are present on RMIC both in vivo and in vitro. These receptors are coupled to intracellular second messenger systems and, in vitro, their stimulation results in cellular proliferation and synthesis of ECM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1681.1999.02981.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Imaging of renal medullary interstitial cells in situ by confocal fluorescence microscopy (1999)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 200 (1999), S. 117-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Rat ; Papilla ; Kidney ; Lipid ; Fluorescent dyes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Renal medullary interstitial cells are a prevalent and characteristic feature of the inner medulla of the kidney, but the physiological significance of this is unclear. We have developed a method for imaging renal medullary interstitial cells in situ by loading the cells with fluorescent dyes and monitoring their distribution using confocal microscopy. The pH-sensitive probe 2’7’-bis-(carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester was used as a marker of cytoplasmic volume and therefore of cell morphology. Nile Red was used to demonstrate the presence of renal medullary interstitial cell lipid droplets. Papillae were excised from 100 g Sprague-Dawley rats and loaded with the appropriate dye. The papillae were then examined using a Leica TCS 4D confocal microscope and oil immersion lenses. Fluorescence was excited (488 nm) using an argon laser and emission wavelengths above 515 nm collected using a long pass filter. Images of papillae loaded with 2’7’-bis-(carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester clearly demonstrate a ladder-like arrangement of renal medullary interstitial cells. More detailed examination revealed the presence of cytoplasmic extensions that appear to make close contact with adjacent loops of Henle. Three-dimensional reconstructions of serial sections revealed spiral arrangements in some ladders of renal medullary interstitial cells. Nile Red-labelled lipid droplets of 0.5–1.0 µm diameter were located throughout the cytoplasm of renal medullary interstitial cells and especially within the cytoplasmic extensions. These experiments highlight the ability of confocal microscopy to allow investigation of renal medullary interstitial cells in situ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004290050265
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light-microscopic immunolocalization of fibroblast growth factor-1 and -2 in adult rat kidney (1996)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 285 (1996), S. 179-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Fibroblast growth factor ; Kidney ; Immunohistochemistry ; Glomerulus ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a family of conserved polypeptides known to regulate cell differentiation and proliferation. We have used avidin-biotin-enhanced indirect immunohistochemistry to localize FGF-1 and FGF-2 in the rat kidney. The most consistent specific immunostaining pattern is found in paraffin sections from kidneys perfusion-fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer. Intracellular immunoreactivity for FGF-1 and FGF-2 is co-localized in visceral (podocytes) and parietal (Bowman’s capsule) glomerular epithelial cells, S3 segments of proximal tubules, distal tubules and collecting ducts in the cortex, and thick ascending limbs and collecting ducts in the medulla. Immunoreactivity is also observed within urothelium and the tunica adventitia of large blood vessels. No immunostaining is found in cortical S1 or S2 segments of proximal tubules, in frozen sections prepared from unfixed or 4% paraformaldehyde perfusion-fixed kidneys, or in paraffin sections from Bouin-fixed kidneys. Immersion fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde gives a similar staining pattern in paraffin sections to that achieved with perfusion fixation. However, in paraffin sections fixed with methyl Carnoy’s fixative, immunoreactivity is primarily localized to the tunica media of blood vessels, with little tubular or glomerular immunostaining. Thus, variation in immunolocalization patterns for FGFs can be partially attributed to differences in fixative, preparative technique and antibody specificity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050635
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