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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscoelastic stress relaxation during static stretch in human skeletal muscle in the absence of EMG activity (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 6 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The present study sought to investigate the role of EMG activity during passive static stretch. EMG and passive resistance were measured during static stretching of human skeletal muscle in eight neurologically intact control subjects and six spinal cord-injured (SCI) subjects with complete motor loss. Resistance to stretch offered by the hamstring muscles during passive knee extension was defined as passive torque (Nm). The knee was passively extended at 5o/s to a predetermined final position, where it remained stationary for 90 s (static phase) while force and integrated EMG of the hamstring muscle were recorded. EMG was sampled for frequency domain analysis in a second stretch maneuver in five control and three SCI subjects. There was a decline in passive torque in the 90-s static phase for both control and SCI subjects, P〈0.05. Although peak passive torque was greater in control subjects, P〈0.05, there was no difference in time-dependent passive torque response between control (33%) and SCI (38%) subjects. Initial and final 5-s IEMG ranged from 1.8 to 3.4 μ V.s and did not change during a stretch or differ between control and SCI subjects. Frequency domain analysis yielded similar results in both groups, with an equal energy distribution in all harmonics, indicative of ‘white noise’. The present data demonstrate that no measurable EMG activity was detected in either group during the static stretch maneuver. Therefore, the decline in resistance to static stretch was a viscoelastic stress relaxation response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00101.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscoelastic response to repeated static stretching in the human hamstring muscle (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 5 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The purpose of this study was (1) to evaluate the reproducibility of a new method of measuring passive resistance to stretch in the human hamstring muscle group, in vivo, using a test re-test protocol and 2) to examine the effect of repeated stretches. Passive resistance offered by the hamstring muscle group during knee extension was measured in 10 subjects as knee flexion moment (Nm) using a KinCom dynamometer. The knee was passively extended at 5 deg/s to the final position where it remained stationary for 90 s (static phase). EMG of the hamstring muscle was also measured. The test re-test protocol included 2 tests (tests 1 and 2) administered 1 h apart. On a separate occasion 5 consecutive static stretches were administered (stretches 1–5) separted by 30 s. Stretch 6 was administered one hour after stretch 5. In the static phase passive resistance did not differ between test 1 and test 2. Resistance declined in both tests 1 and 2, whereas EMG activity remained unchanged. The decline in resistance was significant up to 45 s. For the repeated stretches there was an effect of time (90 s) and stretch (1–5) with a significant interaction i.e., resistance diminished with stretches, and the 90-s decline was less as more stretches were performed. Passive resistance in stretch 6 was lower than in stretch 1. The present study has demonstrated a reliable method for studying resistance to stretch of the human hamstring muscle group. A viscoelastic response of the human hamstring muscle was shown. With 5 repeated stretches, resistance to stretch diminished and each stretch exibited a viscoelastic response, albeit less with each subsequent stretch. The effect of 5 repeated stretches was significant 1 h later.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1995.tb00056.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exercise and organ transplantation (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 9 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Life-saving treatment of disease by organ transplantation has become increasingly important. Annually over 35 000 transplantations of vital organs are carried out world-wide and the demand for knowledge regarding exercise in daily life for transplant recipients is growing. The present review describes whole-body and organ reactions to both acute exercise and regular physical training in persons who have undergone heart, lung, liver, kidney, pancreas or bone marrow transplantation. In response to acute exercise, the majority of cardiovascular, hormonal and metabolic changes are maintained after transplantation. However, in heart transplant recipients organ denervation reduces the speed of heart rate increase in response to exercise. Furthermore, lack of sympathetic nerves to transplanted organs impairs the normal insulin and renin responses to exercise in pancreas and kidney transplant recipients, respectively. In contrast, surgical removal of sympathetic liver nerves does not inhibit hepatic glucose production during exercise, and denervation of the lungs does not impair the ability to increase ventilation during physical exertion. Most studies show that physical training results in an improved endurance and strength capacity in almost all groups of transplant recipients, which is of importance for their daily life. With a little precaution, organ transplant recipients can perform exercise and physical training and obtain effects comparable with those achieved in the healthy population of similar age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1999.tb00200.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lactate/H+ transport in skeletal muscle from spinal-cord-injured patients (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 8 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: In order to evaluate the effect of prolonged muscle inactivity on sarcolemmal lactate/H+ transport in humans, the lactate/H+ transport capacity was determined in the thigh muscle of spinal-cord-injured (SCI) individuals. The lactate transport rate was measured in sarcolemmal giant vesicles produced by collagenase treatment of muscle biopsies obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle. Six SCI subjects with total loss of motor and sensory functions of their lower limbs participated in the study. The duration of the injury ranged from 2 to 15 years. The total lactate transport rate in the muscle of SCI patients was 46.5±2.6 pmol · cm−2· s−1 (mean±SEM), which corresponds to a 17% lower (P〈0.05) transport rate than that found in healthy, untrained subjects. The estimated carriermediated lactate/H+ transport capacity was approximately 26% lower in the SCI patients than in healthy, untrained subjects. The observed muscle lactate/H+ transport capacity of SCI individuals is in accordance with a positive correlation between the capacity of the lactate/H+ transporters and the percentage occurrence of slow-twitch fibres in a muscle, although there seems to be a wide range of transport capacities within each fibre type. The present results show that the sarcolemmal lactate/H+ transport capacity is lower in SCI individuals than in normally physically active subjects, which indicates that prolonged muscle inactivity reduces the lactate/H+ transport capacity of human muscle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1998.tb00175.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of supervised rehabilitation on strength, postural sway, position sense and re-injury risk after acute ankle ligament sprain (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 9 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The effect of an early rehabilitation program, including postural training, on ankle joint function after an ankle ligament sprain was investigated prospectively. Ninety-two subjects, matched for age, sex, and level of sports activity, were randomized to a control or training group. All subject received the same standard information regarding early ankle mobilization. In addition, the training group participated in supervised physical therapy rehabilitation (1 h. twice weekly) with emphasis on balance training. Postural sway, position sense and isometric ankle strength were measured 6 weeks and 4 months after the injury, and at 12 months re-injury data were obtained. In the training group, there was a significant difference between the injured and uninjured side for plantar flexion (P〈0.01), eversion (P〈0.01) and inversion (P〈0.05), but not for dorsiflexion at 6 weeks. In the control group, there was a significant difference between the injured and uninjured side for plantar flexion (P〈0.01), eversion (P〈0.01), inversion (P〈0.01), and dorsiflexion (P〈0.05) at 6 weeks. Postural sway, but not position sense, differed between the injured and uninjured side in both groups (P〈0.01) at 6 weeks. The side-to-side percent differences were similar in both groups for all variables (P〉0.05) at 6 weeks, and there were no side-to-side differences at 4 months in either group. In the control group, 11/38 (29%) suffered a re-injury. while this number was only 2/29 (7%)) in the training group (P〈0.05). These data showed that an ankle injury resulted in reduced ankle strength and postural control at 6 weeks, but that these variables had normalized at 4 months, independent of the supervised rehabilitation. However, the findings also demonstrated that supervised rehabilitation may reduce the number of re-injuries, and therefore may play a role in injury prevention.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1999.tb00217.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isokinetic muscle strength and hiking performance in elite sailors (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 8 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The aim of the present study was to describe the isokinetic strength profile and its relation to hiking performance in male (Sm, n=15) and fmale (Sf, n=6) elite sailors compared to a group of male control subjects (Cm, n=8) similar in age, anthropometry and level of fitness. Eccentric knee extension strength was higher in Sm compared to Cm. (P〈0.01). Furthermore, Sm were stronger during trunk extension (P 〈 0.05), but not during trunk flexion compared to CM. Overall muscle strength was lower in SF compared to SM (P 〈 0.01) and CM (P 〈 0.05), except for eccentric knee extension strength, where SF and CM did not differ (P 〉 0.05). Hiking performance correlated to maximal eccentric and isometric knee extensor strength in SF (rs= 0.83–0.88, P 〈 0.05) and in CM (rs= 0.73-0.77, P 〈 0.05) and to maximal eccentric knee extensor strength at high velocity in SM (rs= 0.46-0.54, P 〈 0.05). For a subgroup of hikers in SM (n= 8), hiking peformance correlated to maximal isometric-eccentric knee extensor strength (rs=0.67-0.74, P〈0.05), whereas no correlations emerged for the non-hikers (n=7). Few correlations were observed between hiking performance and maximal concentric trunk flexor strength (rs=0.69-0.92, P 〈 0.05). Unexpectedly, in SM correlations also were observed between hiking performance and maximal strength of the trunk extensors (rs=0.46-0.53, hike subgroup: rs=0.64-0.67, P 〈 0.05). In conclusion, notably high levels of maximal eccentric knee extesor strength were observed for the male and female elite sailors examined in the present study. Furthermore, the present results suggest that hiking performance depends in part on maximal isometric-eccentric knee extensor strength. The maximal strength of the trunk extensors, which potentially stabilizes the lower back and spine, also seems to have some importance for the hiking performance of top-level sailors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1998.tb00183.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determinants of musculoskeletal flexibility: viscoelastic properties, cross-sectional area, EMG and stretch tolerance (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 7 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Cross-sectional area, stiffness, viscoelastic stress relaxation, stretch tolerance and EMG activity of the human hamstring muscle group were examined in endurance-trained athletes with varying flexibility. Subjects were defined as tight (n=10) or normal (n=8) based on a clinical toe-touch test. Cross-sectional area was computed from magnetic resonance imagining (MRI) images. Torque (Nm) offered by the hamstring muscle group, electromyographic (EMG) activity, knee joint angle and velocity were continuously monitored during two standardized stretch protocols. Protocol 1 consisted of a slow stretch at 0.087 rad/s (dynamic phase) to a pre-determined final angle followed by a 90-s static phase. In the dynamic phase final angle and stiffness was lower in tight (28.0±2.9 Nm/rad) than normal subjects (54.9±6.5 Nm/rad), P〈0.01. In the static phase tight subjects had lower peak (15.4±1.8 Nm) and final torque (10.8±1.6 Nm) than normal subjects (31.6±4.1 Nm, 24.1±3.7 Nm, respectively)(P〈0.01), but torque decline was similar. Protocol 2 consisted of a slow stretch to the point of pain and here tight subjects reached a lower maximal angle, torque, stiffness and energy than normal subjects (P〈0.01). On the other hand, stiffness was greater in tight subjects in the common range (P〈0.01). Cross-sectional area of the hamstring muscles and EMG activity during the stretch did not differ between the groups. However, lateral hamstring cross-sectional area was positively related to mid-range stiffness (P〈0.05), but inversely related to final stiffness, peak torque and the toe-touch test (P〈0.01). Final angle and peak torque in protocol 1 combined to improve the predictability of the toe-touch test (R2=0.77, P〈0.001). These data show that the toe-touch test (R2=0.77, P〈0.001). These data show that the toe-touch test is largely a measure of hamstring flexibility. Further, subjects with a restricted joint range of movement on a clinical toe-touch test have stiffer hamstring muscles and a lower stretch tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1997.tb00139.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conservative treatment of a partial Achilles tendon rupture with an intratendinous lesion (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 7 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The Achilles tendon is a common site of acute and oversuse injuries in runners. A case is described here in which the diagnosis of a post-traumatic intratendinous lesion was based on clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and where conservative treatment was given. After a 6 months follow-up, symptoms as well as the MRI verified that intra-tendinous structural abnormalities had disappeared. This case report demonstrates that conservative treatment may be sufficient to cure Achilles injury with severe structural changes inside the tendon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1997.tb00138.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The therapy of cancer pain and its integration into a comprehensive supportive care strategy (1997)
    Springer
    Annals of oncology 8 (1997), S. 15-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: cancer pain ; opioids ; resources ; supportive care ; treatment package
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract By the beginning of the 21st century cancer will claim over nine million lives per year. Of these patients, 80%–90% will experience pain at some time during the course of their disease. The management of cancer and the associated pain syndromes is likely to cause a massive drain on resources, making it imperative that we use the resources available to maximum efficiency. In the past decade progress has been made in the understanding of cancer pain and how best to manage it. However, this area of cancer therapy continues to be surrounded by much controversy, particularly the availability and use of strong opioids. Additional measures are required to ensure that no patients are left to suffer the burden of cancer pain. These include: • strongly improved education of all healthcare professionals in cancer pain and cancer pain therapy; • academic affiliation – university chairs in palliative/supportive care securing education of the coming generations of medical doctors and nurses; • improved legislation concerning opioids in many societies through systematic influence of politicians and healthcare decision makers; • re-allocation of resources for cancer treatment programmes from the curative to the palliative/supportive treatment spectrum; • re-defining myths concerning cancer, pain and opioid consumption, both among healthcare workers and in societies in general. The media will playa crucial role in this process. Revising the way in which our resources are allocated and providing all patients access to individually tailored treatment care packages are strategies that could be adopted for future supportive care of cancer patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008226020888
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased Bone Mineral Density after Prolonged Electrically Induced Cycle Training of Paralyzed Limbs in Spinal Cord Injured Man (1997)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 61 (1997), S. 22 -25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Key words: Spinal cord injury — Electric stimulation therapy — Bone density — Fractures — Exercise training.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Spinal cord injured (SCI) individuals have a substantial loss of bone mass in the lower limbs, equaling approximately 50% of normal values in the proximal tibia, and this has been associated with a high incidence of low impact fractures. To evaluate if this inactivity-associated condition in the SCI population can be reversed with prolonged physical training, ten SCI individuals [ages 35.3 ± 2.3 years (mean ± standard error [SE]); post injury time: 12.5 ± 2.7 years, range 2–24 years; level of lesion: C6–Th4; weight: 78 ± 3.8 kg] performed 12 months of Functional Electrical Stimulated (FES) upright cycling for 30 min per day, 3 days per week, followed by six months with only one weekly training session. Bone mineral density (BMD) was determined before training and 12 and 18 months later. BMD was measured in the lumbar spine, the femoral neck, and the proximal tibia by dual energy absorptiometry (DEXA, Nordland XR 26 MK1). Before training, BMD was in the proximal tibia (52%), as well as in the femoral neck, lower in SCI subjects than in controls of same age (P 〈 0.05). BMD of the lumbar spine did not differ between groups (P 〉 0.05). After 12 months of training, the BMD of the proximal tibia had increased 10%, from 0.49 ± 0.04 to 0.54 ± 0.04 g/cm2 (P 〈 0.05). After a further 6 months with reduced training, the BMD in the proximal tibia no longer differed from the BMD before training (P 〉 0.05). No changes were observed in the lumbar spine or in the femoral neck in response to FES cycle training. It is concluded that in SCI, the loss of bone mass in the proximal tibia can be partially reversed by regular long-term FES cycle exercise. However, one exercise session per week is insufficient to maintain this increase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002239900286
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