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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is the IV obstructed or infiltrated? A simple clinical test (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 11 (1995), S. 47-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Keywords: Equipment: catheters, indwelling ; Infiltration ; Infusions, intravenous ; Thrombophlebitis ; Vascular resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective. The objective of our study was to determine if clinical observation of pressure-flow relationships (PFR) can differentiate between partial external obstruction (obstruction) and infiltration as a cause of poor performance of gravity-fed infusions.Methods. A total of 24 patients with functional intravenous cannulae in situ had obstruction simulated by the application of a tourniquet proximal to the cannula. The change in flow (ΔF) for a discrete change in pressure (ΔP) was determined in each case by counting drop rates at two different elevations of the fluid reservoir level, 10 cm apart. The same process was repeated in 15 patients in whom the cannula was in an extra vascular location (infiltration). Three sizes of cannula—16-gauge, 18-gauge, and 20-gauge—were examined, with equal distribution of sizes in each group. The effect on flow rates of inflating a blood pressure (BP) cuff proximally on the cannulated limb was assessed. The ratio ΔP/ΔF is the total resistance of the infusion system, and by subtracting known values for resistance of infusion tubing and cannula, the venous or tissue resistance was calculated.Results. There was a statistically significant difference between the change in flow for obstructed compared with infiltrated cannulae for the same change in pressure for each cannula size. The mean venous resistance was 23 mm Hg/L/hr, while that of tissue was 280 mm Hg/L/hr, with no overlap between groups. There was no effect on flow rate with blood pressure cuff inflation in the infiltrated group whereas flow progressively fell in the obstructed group.Conclusions. Clinical observation of PFRs in poorly functioning gravity-fed IV infusions can assist in detecting infiltration as a cause. Inflation of a blood pressure cuff will further impair flow where the cannula is intravascular, but will have no effect in an extravascular location.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01627420
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of intravenous fluid extravasation using resistance measurements (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 12 (1996), S. 325-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Keywords: Veins ; Veins: catheterization ; Fluid therapy ; Intravenous infusions ; Indwelling catheters ; Infiltration ; Extravasation of intravenous fluids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Resistance to fluid infusion can be derived from measurements of pressure at two or more flow rates. We measured resistance in 31 patients using a pressure-monitoring infusion pump (Model 560, IVAC) by recording pressure at five flow rates (0, 50,100, 200, and 300 mL/hr), and computing resistance as the slope of the pressure versus flow curve. Resistance was measured subcutaneously (Rtissue) and intravenously (Rvein) immediately after unsuccessful or successful IV catheter placement. In all patients, Rtissue was always greater than Rvein. The difference ranged from 23 resistance units (RU) to 4166 RU, with a mean difference of 1147 RU (p 〈 0.0001, Student'st-test). Unpaired analysis of the data was performed to assess the ability of resistance to indicate extravasation in the absence of prior Rvein measurement. The median value for Rvein was 62 RU (range −13.6 to 420 RU), and for Rtissue, 544 RU (range 65.7 to 4170 RU). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that a 200-RU threshold detected infiltration with 0.90 sensitivity and 0.91 specificity. We conclude that elevated resistance during fluid infusion is an important early and easily measurable finding in fluid extravasation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02221754
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resistance to fluid flow in veins (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 12 (1996), S. 331-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Keywords: Veins ; Veins: catheterization ; Fluid therapy ; Intravenous infusions ; Indwelling catheters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated the resistance to fluid infusion in the veins of 118 adult patients after intravenous catheter insertion prior to elective surgery. Hydraulic resistance in veins was defined as the slope of the pressure-flow relationship obtained by measuring venons pressure at several fluid flow rates. A resistance unit (RU) was defined as 1 mmHg/L/hr. Resistance in veins ranged from −12.1 to 732 RU, with 50th and 95th percentiles being 22 and 198 RU, respectively. Venons resistance was not significantly affected by site of catheter insertion, tissue characteristics at the insertion site, age, sex, patient anxiety, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status, or catheter size. This report provides a distribution of resistance to fluid infusion in arm veins of adult patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02221755
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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