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  • 1
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Serotonin ; in vivo voltammetry ; cytokine ; interferon-γ ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of the cytokines interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α on the serotoninergic transmission in the nucleus raphe dorsalis (NRD) were studied after peripheral and central application. The studies were performed in the freely moving rat using differential pulse voltammetry with multicarbon fibre electrodes to study the extracellular levels of the serotonin (5-HT) metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). The extracellular 5-HIAA levels were not changed in the NRD after peripheral application of rat recombinant IFN-γ, but elevated by the cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. After intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) application the cytokines IFN-γ, IL-1β and TNF-α stimulated the serotoninergic transmission in the NRD. Our data suggest that the effect of peripherally elevated cytokine concentrations on the serotonin metabolism in the NRD of the rat is cytokine-dependent. In this respect the T-cell and NK-cell cytokine IFN-γ acts clearly different when compared to the mainly macrophage-derived cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, and plays a different role in the communication between immune and central nervous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marketing letters 6 (1995), S. 53-62 
    ISSN: 1573-059X
    Keywords: marketing information ; utilization ; manager-researcher dichotomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This study uses an experimental design for the presentation of a case, demographic information, product test survey results, and test market results to marketing managers and to market researchers. We attempt to determine the interrelationships among changes in decision outcomes, sales estimates, and confidence. We also show that the two-community dichotomy between marketing managers and market researchers exists.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marketing letters 7 (1996), S. 371-382 
    ISSN: 1573-059X
    Keywords: survey accuracy ; behavioral frequency ; level of aggregation ; split questions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Through observations of AT&T data and the results of two of our own studies, we discovered interesting asymmetrical effects of the level of aggregation of the question on the response accuracy in surveys of behavioral frequency. We find that disaggregating a question to a lower, less comfortable level of aggregation creates greater uncertainty, leading to larger absolute errors in survey responses. However, if a question is asked at a higher less comfortable level, the majority of respondents escape by splitting questions down to the natural level, thereby avoiding greater uncertainty and thus responding more accurately. We argue that for greater accuracy in surveys, one should identify the natural level of aggregation at which a question should be posed. But when in doubt, it is better to ask a question at a higher level of aggregation because of possible escapability downward.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-2789
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recent legislation in California mandated the development of an outcome measure suitable for measuring changes in quality of life associated with treatment in the public mental health system. The measure, known as the California Adult Performance Outcome Survey (CAPOS), relies on clinician and client reports of objective and subjective indicators of quality of life. The present study sought to determine whether the clinician-administered CAPOS would agree with that administered by trained research assistants, and whether the CAPOS would agree with an established quality of life measure. A sample of sixty-four severely mentally ill subjects were assessed by their regular mental health provider using the CAPOS. One week later they were assessed by a trained research assistant using the CAPOS and Lehman's Quality of Life Interview (QOLI). For most outcome domains, the CAPOS exhibited moderate to excellent agreement across occasions and raters. Correlations with the QOLI indicated a good degree of overlap among corresponding domains. Outcome measurement procedures for routine use in clinical settings are in their infancy. The CAPOS appears promising in this role because of its brevity, ease of administration, and adequate interrater reliability. The CAPOS affords state and local mental health authorities with an efficient means of tracking key quality of life indicators within the public mental health system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of autism and developmental disorders 28 (1998), S. 229-233 
    ISSN: 1573-3432
    Keywords: Risperidone ; mental retardation ; aggression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Risperidone has proven efficacy with reduced likelihood of causing extrapyramidal symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia. Initial work suggests its utility in the management of aggression and self injury in patients with mental retardation. The use of risperidone in eight adult patients with moderate to profound mental retardation is described. Risperidone in these individuals was associated with significant reduction in aggression and self injurious behavior. Side effects were primarily those of sedation and restlessness. These cases illustrate the possible utility of risperidone in the treatment of aggression and self injury in adult patients with moderate to profound mental retardation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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