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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluctuations, temperature, and detailed balance in classical nucleation theory (1995)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 102 (1995), S. 8983-8994 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The role of temperature in classical nucleation theory is examined. It is shown that while even small clusters are assigned a temperature in the classical theory, this must be a fluctuating quantity. Stochastic simulations of cluster evaporation and growth are presented to track the temperature fluctuations in time. The relation 〈||δT||2〉=kT20/Cν for the mean square temperature fluctuation is confirmed, where k is the Boltzmann constant, Cν is the cluster heat capacity, and T0 is the bath temperature. For small capillary drops (50–100 molecules), the resulting rms temperature fluctuations of 10°–20° might be expected to have a significant effect on the nucleation rate. However, the simulations reveal a cluster temperature distribution that is centered several degrees below T0. A theory is presented to explain this effect. To first order, which includes Gaussian fluctuations of the cluster temperature T, we find that the effective temperature for cluster evaporation is T−h/2Cν, where h is the latent heat. This temperature correction is precisely that required by detailed balance and results both in a centering of the cluster temperature distribution on T0 and a cancellation of any significant effect of temperature fluctuations on the nucleation rate. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.468952
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of the Ion Channel Complement of the Rat Oligodendrocyte Progenitor in a Commonly Studied In vitro Preparation (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 9 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We have analysed the ion channel complement of the oligodendrocyte-type 2 astrocyte (O-2A) glial cell progenitor obtained from the commonly studied neonatal rat mixed brain preparation. Ionic currents, in O-2A progenitors identified on both morphological and immunological grounds, were recorded using the whole-cell variant of the patch-clamp technique. The cells had an average resting membrane potential close to -50 mV and fired single action potentials in response to suprathreshold current injections. Using voltage-clamp methods we were able to identify and characterize a voltage-activated TTX-sensitive Na+ current, two classes of voltage-activated outward K+ currents, an inactivating inwardly rectifying K+ current, a voltage-activated Cl- current and at least three classes of Ca2+ current.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01419.x
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  • 3
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    Salvaging Kaifeng: "Natural Calamity and Urban Community in Late Imperial China" (1995)
    Beverley Hills, Calif. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Journal of Urban History. 21:6 (1995:Sept.) 716 
    Details
    ISSN: 0096-1442
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:d429-1995-021-06-000002
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lack of protection following immunisation with H. pylori outer membrane vesicles highlights antigenic differences between H. felis and H. pylori (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 161 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation is associated with the development of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer in humans. Immunisation against this bacterium would ultimately have a major impact on H. pylori-related disease, notably global gastric cancer rates. To date, several potential H. pylori vaccine candidates have been identified. In this study, the Helicobacter felis/murine model was used to assess the immunogenicity of a previously undescribed H. pylori outer membrane vesicle fraction in immune protection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb12924.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Majority Group Perceptions of Criminal Behavior: The Accuracy of Race-Related Crime Stereotypes (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of applied social psychology 26 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1559-1816
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Majority group perceptions regarding the relative frequency of crimes committed by various races and ethnic groups were examined. White-collar crimes such as embezzlement and fraud were ranked as more common for White criminals, and blue-collar crimes such as aggravated assault and motor vehicle theft were ranked as more common for Black criminals. Perceptions were subsequently compared with data from the Uniform Crime Reports for the U.S. (U.S. Department of Justice, 1992). As a function of overestimating the number of white-collar crimes and underestimating the number of blue-collar and violent crimes committed by Whites, majority group subjects held somewhat more accurate perceptions of minority groups than of their own group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01843.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Operative factors affecting tumor cell distribution following laparoscopic colectomy in a porcine model (1997)
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 40 (1997), S. 939-945 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Laparoscopy ; Port site implants ; Colectomy ; Complications ; Pneumoperitoneum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract BACKGROUND: An increased risk of laparoscopic port wound tumor implantation in the presence of overt or covert abdominal malignancy has been identified. PURPOSE: A porcine laparoscopic colectomy model has been used to quantify the influence surgical practices may have on tumor cell implantation. METHODS:51Cr-labeled, fixed HeLa cells were injected intraperitoneally before surgery. Tumor cell contamination of instruments, ports, security threads, and excised wound margins was assessed by gamma counting. RESULTS: Greatest contamination occurred in ports used by the operating surgeon under pneumoperitoneum (64 percent of all port wound tumor cells) and mechanical elevation (76 percent). Gasless surgery in patients in the head-down position increased the rostral accumulation of tumor cells in the abdomen and right upper quadrant port wound by 330 and 176 percent, respectively. Under pneumoperitoneum, port movement was the major contributor to port leakage and wound contamination (21 percent of total recovered wound tumor cells per port). Tumor cells were not carried in aerosol form. Instrument passage and the withdrawal of security threads through the abdominal wall increased port wound contamination 430 and 263 percent, respectively, over pneumoperitoneum control ports. Preoperative lavage reduced by 61 percent, but did not eliminate, wound contamination. CONCLUSION: This porcine model may be used to evaluate surgical factors for the impact on port wound contamination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02051202
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Argumentation, the Visual, and the Possibility of Refutation: An Exploration (1998)
    Springer
    Argumentation 12 (1998), S. 79-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8374
    Keywords: abortion ; image ; negative ; refutation ; visual argumentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies
    Notes: Abstract Taking the possibility of visual argumentation seriously, this essay explores how refutation might proceed. We posit three ways in which images can refute and be refuted in a mixed-media environment: (1) dissection, in which an image is broken down discursively; (2) substitution, in which one image is replaced within a larger visual frame by a different image; and (3) transformation, in which an image is recontextualized in a new visual frame. These strategies are illustrated in an analysis of three American documentary films on abortion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007703425353
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Homogeneous nucleation of metals in a plasma-quench reactor (1996)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 16 (1996), S. 249-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Homogeneous nucleation ; metal vapors ; supersonic flow nozzle ; plasma quench reactor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We present a new and general application of the method of moments for modeling the nucleation of condensates in a steady-state supersonic nozzle flora generated in a plasma-quench reactor. A closed set of growth/evaporation rate equations has been employed to propagate the moments of the particle size distribution without invoking the usual coarse-graining or truncation approximations of conventional binning approaches. The method has been employed to calculate the nucleation rates, particle number density, and the particle-size distribution for 11 elemental metals (Ag, Al, Be, Ce, Cr, Fe, Gd, Ti, Th, U, and Zr) condensing in a model argon nozzle flow. We have identified the regions in the nozzle of maximum nucleation rate, and have shown how different particle-size distributions can develop in different regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01570181
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Does Question Format Matter? Valuing an Endangered Species (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 14 (1999), S. 365-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: contingent valuation ; endangered species ; question format ; red-cockaded woodpecker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract A three-way treatment design is used to compare contingent valuation response formats. Respondents are asked to value an endangered species (the red-cockaded woodpecker) and the restoration of its habitat following a natural disaster. For three question formats (open-ended, payment card, and double-bounded dichotomous choice), differences in survey response rates, item non-response rates, and protest bids are examined. Bootstrap techniques are used to compare means across formats and to explore differences in willingness to pay (WTP) distribution functions. Convergent validity is found in a comparison of mean WTP values, although some differences are apparent in the cumulative distribution functions. Differences across formats are also identified in item non-response rates and proportion of protest bids. Overall, the payment card format exhibits desirable properties relative to the other two formats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008320621720
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