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  • 1
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The coaxial plasma accelerator is a simple, compact, and mechanically robust device that utilizes the Lorentz J×B force to accelerate plasma to high velocity. Originally developed in the 1950s for the purpose of providing energetic plasmas for fusion energy experiments, coaxial plasma accelerators are presently being investigated as an environmentally sound and economical means of materials processing and advanced manufacturing. While commercial applications of this technology are already on line, future commercial applications will require improving accelerator reproducibility and efficiency, better controlling the accelerated plasma flow velocity or energy, and better controlling the distribution of directed energy or power on target. In this paper, the magnetohydrodynamic flow physics of magnetically nozzled plasma accelerators is presented with a view to achieving the accelerator control necessary for future industrial applications. Included is a fundamental description of plasma production, acceleration, and flow in a magnetic nozzle. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 3 (1997), S. 621-624 
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] A reliable, noninvasive method for monitoring patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder would be of great clinical benefit. Cystoscopy is currently the “gold standard,” but it is invasive, expensive and uncomfortable for the patient. Recently, we demonstrated a ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
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    Washington : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Catholic historical review. 81:1 (1995:Jan.) 145 
    ISSN: 0008-8080
    Topics: History , Theology and Religious Studies
    Notes: BRIEF NOTICES
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  • 4
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    Washington : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Catholic historical review. 81:1 (1995:Jan.) 113 
    ISSN: 0008-8080
    Topics: History , Theology and Religious Studies
    Description / Table of Contents: American
    Notes: BOOK REVIEWS
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  • 5
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    Washington : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Catholic historical review. 81:3 (1995:July) 460 
    ISSN: 0008-8080
    Topics: History , Theology and Religious Studies
    Description / Table of Contents: American
    Notes: BOOK REVIEWS
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Chirurg 69 (1998), S. 633-638 
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Key words: Benign pancreatic tumors ; Pancreatic head resection ; Surgical therapy. ; Schlüsselwörter: Benigne Pankreastumoren ; Pankreaskopfresektion ; chirurgische Therapie.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Bislang werden benigne Tumoren im Bereich des Pankreaskopfes durch partielle Duodenopankreatektomie chirurgisch behandelt. Diese für die malignen Veränderungen im Bereich des Pankreaskopfes entwickelte Operation ist sehr ausgedehnt und mit einer hohen perioperativen Morbidität sowie Letalität belastet. Ziel dieser Studie war es, festzustellen, ob die organsparendere duodenumerhaltende Pankreaskopfresektion ebenfalls ein ausreichend radikales Verfahren bei benignen Tumoren des Pankreaskopfes darstellt. Von Mai 1982 bis Dezember 1996 wurden insgesamt 7 Patienten aufgrund von benignen Pankreaskopftumoren operiert. Zwei Patienten litten an benignen Gastrinomen, weitere 5 Patienten an serösen und mucinösen Cystadenomen sowie an einem intraduktal papillär-mucinösen Tumor. Bei allen Patienten wurde eine duodenumerhaltende Pankreaskopfresektion durchgeführt. Diese Operation konnte bei den Patienten blutsparend und nahezu komplikationslos durchgeführt werden. Bei keinem Patienten kam es, bedingt durch eine chirurgische Komplikation, zur Reoperation. Bei einer Nachbeobachtungszeit im Median von 3 Jahren waren 6 von 7 Patienten beschwerdefrei, bei einer Patientin, die aufgrund eines Gastrinoms operiert wurde, wurden spätpostoperativ noch erhöhte Gastrinwerte festgestellt. Im Vergleich zu der präoperativen Funktionstestung zeigte sich, daß die endokrine wie exokrine Funktion durch die Operation nur gering beeinträchtigt war. Bei strenger Indikationsstellung können somit benigne Tumore im Bereich des Pankreaskopfes durch eine duodenumerhaltende Pankreaskopfresektion adäquat, ausreichend radikal, komplikationsarm und ohne andauernde Einschränkung der exo- und endokrinen Funktionen behandelt werden.
    Notes: Summary. Benign tumors of the pancreatic head are normally treated by a partial duodenopancreatectomy. This operation has been developed for the treatment of malignant alterations in the pancreatic head and includes resection of the gastric bowel, duodenum and common bile duct. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the less radical duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection is a suitable surgical procedure in the treatment of benign pancreatic head tumors. From May 1982 to December 1996, seven patients underwent surgical treatment for benign pancreatic head tumors. Two patients suffered from gastrinoma of the pancreatic head, four exhibited a serous or mucinous cystadenoma, and one patient suffered from an intraductal papillary-mucinous tumor in this region. All patients were treated by duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection. The operation was easily performed with little blood loss and a low rate of complications. None of the patients had to be reoperated upon due to postoperative surgical complications. After a follow-up period of a median 3 years, six of seven patients were had no recurrence of the disease and were symptom-free. One patient who had initially been operated on for gastrinoma still exhibited high gastrin values postoperatively. The endocrine and exocrine pancreatic function was not impaired in the early and late postoperative phase as compared to the preoperative assessment. From our results, it is concluded that duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection is an adequately radical, yet organ-preserving procedure for the treatment of benign tumors of the pancreatic head without compromising endocrine and exocrine function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Key words: Pylorus-preserving partial duodenopancreatectomy ; Ductal pancreatic carcinoma ; Morbidity ; Prognosis. ; Schlüsselwörter: Pyloruserhaltende partielle Duodenopankreatektomie ; duktales Pankreascarcinom ; Prognose ; Morbidität.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Anhand einer Studie mit prospektiv erhobenen Daten wurde die Wertigkeit der pyloruserhaltenden partiellen Duodenopankreatektomie (PPPD) im Vergleich zur partiellen Duodenopankreatektomie nach Whipple (PD) bei Patienten mit einem duktalen Pankreascarcinom bzgl. postoperativer Morbidität, Letalität und Prognose verglichen. Von Mai 1990 bis April 1995 gingen 130 Patienten in die Studie ein, wobei 61 eine PD bzw. 69 Patienten eine PPPD erhielten. Alle Patienten wurden in 6monatigen Abständen im Rahmen der Tumornachsorge nachuntersucht. Das mediane Nachuntersuchungsintervall lag bei den Patienten bei 36 Monaten; die Überlebenskurven wurden nach Kaplan-Meier errechnet. Es zeigte sich, daß die PPPD bei Patienten mit duktalem Pankreaskopfcarcinom ohne Infiltration des Duodenums die technisch einfachere, blutsparendere, schnellere Operationsmethode ist, die zu keinen erhöhten perioperativen Komplikationen führt. Magenentleerungsstörungen waren allenfalls temporär und unterschieden sich nicht signifikant von der Standardoperation nach Whipple (PD). Die mediane Überlebenszeit der Patienten in der PD-Gruppe lag in bezug auf alle Stadien bei 10,8 Monaten, in der PPPD-Gruppe bei 21 Monaten. Dieser an sich signifikante Unterschied erklärt sich jedoch aus der etwas unterschiedlichen Verteilung der UICC-Stadien in beiden Behandlungsgruppen. Betrachtet man das häufigste Stadium (UICC-Stadium III), so konnte kein Unterschied in den medianen Überlebenszeiten zwischen den Gruppen festgestellt werden: Sie liegen bei 10,1 bzw. 11,2 Monaten. Die PPPD stellt somit eine radikale Operationsmethode dar, die die Prognose der Erkrankung nicht verschlechtert.
    Notes: Summary. In a study compiling the data in a prospective manner, the value of the pylorus-preserving duodenopancreatectomy (PPPD) compared to partial duodenopancreatectomy (PD) in patients suffering from ductal pancreatic carcinoma was assessed. Postoperative morbidity, mortality and overall prognosis were analysed. From May 1990 to April 1995 130 patients entered the study; 61 underwent PD, 69 patients had PPPD. The patients were regularly followed up every 6 months and the median follow-up period for all patients was 36 months. PPPD in patients with ductal pancreatic head carcinoma without infiltration of the duodenum is the technically simpler and faster operation method with significantly less blood loss. Moreover, PPPD did not lead to increased postoperative complications. The median survival rate of patients in the PD group was 10.8 months, in the PPPD group 21 months. This significant difference derives from the fact that the tumor stages were unevenly distributed. Regarding the most common stage (stage III according to UICC) the median survival times were almost identical (PD group 10.1 months, PPPD group 11.2 months). The PPPD operation seems to be a sufficiently radical procedure which does not worsen the prognosis of the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Key words: Chronic pancreatitis ; Duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection. ; Schlüsselwörter: Chronische Pankreatitis ; duodenumerhaltende Pankreaskopfresektion.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Bei Patienten mit chronischer Pankreatitis ist der entzündliche Prozeß im Pankreaskopf häufig Schrittmacher der Krankheit; der entzündliche Pankreaskopftumor verursacht das Schmerzsyndrom und führt bei der Hälfte der Patienten zu lokalen Komplikationen. Die duodenumerhaltende Pankreaskopfresektion bietet gegenüber den in der Vergangenheit praktizierten Verfahren den Vorteil der Erhaltung von Magen, Duodenum und Gallenwegen sowie der Erhaltung der Insulinsekretionskapazität. Die duodenumerhaltende Pankreaskopfresektion entspricht einer minimalisierten subtotalen Resektion des Pankreaskopfes. Bei 380 Patienten war die Krankenhausletalität 0,8 %, die Reoperationsfrequenz 5,3 %. Die mittlere postoperative Krankenhausliegezeit war 13,9 Tage. Frühpostoperativ war der Glucosestoffwechsel bei 2 % verschlechtert und bei 9 % verbessert. Nach einer medianen Nachbeobachtungszeit von 6 Jahren sind 88 % der Patienten vollständig schmerzfrei bzw. haben selten Bauchschmerzen; 63 % sind wieder voll berufstätig; die Spätletalität beträgt 8,9 %. Nur 10 % der Patienten erlitten weitere Pankreatitisschübe. Der entscheidende Vorteil der duodenumerhaltenden Pankreaskopfresektion besteht in der Erhaltung der endokrinen Funktion der Bauchspeicheldrüse bei Schonung der Pankreasnachbarorgane.
    Notes: Summary. In patients with chronic pancreatitis the inflammatory process in the pancreatic head is frequently the pacemaker of the disease. In these cases an inflammatory tumor develops which leads to local complications in half of the patients. Duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection, contrary to procedures used in the past, offers the possibility to preserve stomach, duodenum, biliary tree, and the insulin secretory capacity. Duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection is a subtotal resection of the pancreatic head. In a series of 380 patients the hospital mortality rate was 0.8 %, the frequency of reoperation 5.3 %, and the median hospitalisation time 13.9 days. The early postoperative glucose metabolism was deteriorated in 2 % and improved in 9 % of cases. After a median follow-up time of 6 years, 88 % of the patients were completely painfree or suffered pain rarely. Sixty-three percent were gainfully employed; the late mortality was 8.9 %. Only 10 % of the patients had further bouts of pancreatitis. The decisive advantage of duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection over Kausch-Whipple resection is preservation of the endocrine pancreatic function and of neighbouring organs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Chirurg 68 (1997), S. 1112-1118 
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Key words: Phospholipase A2 ; Distribution ; Classification ; Diagnostic use ; Physiology. ; Schlüsselwörter: Phospholipase A2 ; Verteilung ; Klassifikation ; diagnostische Wertigkeit ; Physiologie.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Die Gruppe der Phospholipasen A2 (PLA2) umfaßt sekretorische und intracelluläre Enzyme, die Phospholipide spalten und eine physiologische Funktion bei Entzündungsprozessen sowie der Verdauung wahrnimmt. Beim Menschen wird die Gruppe der sekretorischen, niedermolekularen PLA2 (sPLA2) von der Gruppe der cytosolischen, höhermolekularen PLA2 (cPLA2) unterschieden. Die beiden bekannten cPLA2 steuern die intracelluläre Reaktion auf einen Entzündungsreiz, indem sie Arachidonsäure aus Membranphospholipiden freisetzen. Die pankreatische sekretorische PLA2 (sPLA2-I) ist ein Verdauungsenzym, das als inaktives Zymogen von den Acinuszellen des Pankreas sezerniert wird. Bei der akuten Pankreatitis zeigt die zirkulierende, aber katalytisch inaktive sPLA2-I das Ausmaß der Pankreasschädigung an. Die sPLA2-II ist bei verschiedenen entzündlichen Erkrankungen und Infektionen, nach operativen Eingriffen oder schweren Traumen erhöht. Sie vermittelt die schwere systemische Entzündungsreaktion und ist an der Ausbildung schwerer Komplikationen beteiligt, indem sie die Bildung von Leukotrienen, Prostaglandinen und Plättchen-Aggregations-Faktor reguliert. Höchste sPLA2-II-Werte im Serum finden sich bei Sepsis und Multiorganversagen. Eine diagnostische Bedeutung kommt der sPLA2-II zu, da sie als früher Marker die schwere systemische Entzündungsreaktion und drohende Organkomplikationen anzeigt.
    Notes: Summary. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a group of secretory as well as intracellular enzymes that release phopsholipides as an early step in inflammation and play a physiologic role in digestion. In humans, the group of secretory, low-molecular-weight PLA2 (sPLA2) is differentiated from the cytosolic, high-molecular-weight PLA2 (cPLA2). The two known cPLA2 mediate the intracellular response to inflammation by releasing arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids. Secretory pancreatic PLA2 (sPLA2-I) is a digestive zymogen secreted from pancreatic acinar cells in its inactive form. Activated by trypsin in the duodenum, it is an important digestive enzyme. In acute pancreatitis, circulating sPLA2-I indicates pancreatic injury but is mostly inactive. Synovial-type secretory PLA2 (sPLA2-II), first isolated from synovial fluid of arthritis patients, is increased in inflammation, after surgery or trauma, and in various inflammatory diseases. Unlike sPLA2-I, its catalytic activity is held responsible for mediating the systemic inflammatory reaction and its complications by regulating the synthesis of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and platelet activating factor. Clinically, sPLA2-II offers new possibilities as an early marker for severe inflammation and predicting systemic complications in severely ill patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of urology 14 (1996), S. 329-337 
    ISSN: 1433-8726
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Androgen-receptor (AR) gene mutations have been found in clinical prostate cancer, both prior to hormonal therapy and in hormone-refractory disease that persists despite androgen-ablative therapy. Thus, mutations that are present in late-stage disease might arise prior to therapy rather than as a result of therapy. A common feature of mutations in untreated prostate cancer and in hormone-refractory prostate cancer is that the AR retains activity as a ligand-dependent transcription factor. Some AR mutations in prostate cancer show broadened ligand specificity, such that the transcription-factor activity of the AR can be stimulated not just by dihydrotestosterone (DHT) but also by estradiol and other androgen metabolites that have a low affinity for the AR. The activation of mutant AR by estrogen and weak androgens could confer on prostate cancer cells an ability to survive testicular androgen ablation by allowing activation of the AR by adrenal androgens or exogenous estrogen. Such mutations might confer an advantage even prior to androgen ablation, since prostate cancer has lower levels of 5α-reductase and, therefore, of DHT, than normal. Thus, AR mutations that occur prior to therapy may characterize a more aggressive disease. A large percentage of tumors appear to have no AR gene mutation. In tumors without an AR gene mutation, AR function might be affected via other mechanisms (e.g., AR gene amplification, which could increase the amount of AR activity at a given DHT level). Importantly, the apparent absence of AR gene mutations in the majority of early-stage tumors indicates that the role of androgen in the development of clinical prostate cancer is mediated predominantly by a normal AR gene. There are actually multiple alleles of the normal AR gene; these allelic variants differ in glutamine and glycine repeat length in the transactivation domain of the protein, and they may differ in signal-transducing activity. The glutamine and glycine repeat length may thereby modulate the effect of androgen on tumor-cell proliferation that occurs during clonal expansion.
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