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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comments on “An Approach for Modeling Noncancer Dose Responses with an Emphasis on Uncertainty” and “A Probabilistic Framework for the Reference Dose (Probabilistic RfD)” (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 18 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1998.tb01107.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brain μ-Calpain Autolysis During Global Cerebral Ischemia (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 66 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Proteolytic degradation of numerous calpain substrates, including cytoskeletal and regulatory proteins, has been observed during brain ischemia and reperfusion. In addition, calpain inhibitors have been shown to decrease degradation of these proteins and decrease postischemic neuronal death. Although these observations support the inference of a role for μ-calpain in the pathophysiology of ischemic neuronal injury, the evidence is indirect. A direct indicator of μ-calpain proteolytic activity is autolysis of its 80-kDa catalytic subunit, and therefore we examined the μ-calpain catalytic subunit for evidence of autolysis during cerebral ischemia. Rabbit brain homogenates obtained after 0, 5, 10, and 20 min of cardiac arrest were electrophoresed and immunoblotted with a monoclonal antibody specific to the μ-calpain catalytic subunit. In nonischemic brain homogenates the antibody identified an 80-kDa band, which migrated identically with purified μ-calpain, and faint 78- and 76-kDa bands, which represent autolyzed forms of the 80-kDa subunit. The average density of the 80-kDa band decreased by 25 ± 4 (p = 0.008) and 28 ± 9% (p = 0.004) after 10 and 20 min of cardiac arrest, respectively, whereas the average density of the 78-kDa band increased by 111 ± 50% (p = 0.02) after 20 min of cardiac arrest. No significant change in the density of the 76-kDa band was detected. These results provide direct evidence for autolysis of brain μ-calpain during cerebral ischemia. Further work is needed to characterize the extent, duration, and localization of μ-calpain activity during brain ischemia and reperfusion as well as its role in the causal pathway of postischemic neuronal injury.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.66010421.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Presynaptic k-Opioid and Muscarinic Receptors Inhibit the Calcium-Dependent Component of Evoked Glutamate Release from Striatal Synaptosomes (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 73 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract : In addition to cytosolic efflux, reversal of excitatory amino acid (EAA) transporters evokes glutamate exocytosis from the striatum in vivo. Both k-opioid and muscarinic receptor agonists suppress this calcium-dependent response. These data led to the hypothesis that the calcium-independent efflux of striatal glutamate evoked by transporter reversal may activate a transsynaptic feedback loop that promotes glutamate exocytosis from thalamo- and/or corticostriatal terminals in vivo and that this activation is inhibited by presynaptic k and muscarinic receptors. Corollaries to this hypothesis are the predictions that agonists for these putative presynaptic receptors will selectively inhibit the calcium-dependent component of glutamate released from striatal synaptosomes, whereas the calcium-independent efflux evoked by an EAA transporter blocker, L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (L-trans-PDC), will be insensitive to such receptor ligands. Here we report that a muscarinic agonist, oxotremorine (0.01-10 μM), and a k-opioid agonist, U-69593 (0.1-100 μM), suppressed the calcium-dependent release of glutamate that was evoked by exposing striatal synaptosomes to the potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine. The presynaptic inhibition produced by these ligands was concentration dependent, blocked by appropriate receptor antagonists, and not mimicked by the δ-opioid agonist [D-Pen2,5]-enkephalin. The finding that glutamate efflux evoked by L-trans-PDC from isolated striatal nerve endings was entirely calcium independent supports the notion that intact basal ganglia circuitry mediates the calcium-dependent effects of this agent on glutamate efflux in vivo. Furthermore, because muscarinic or k-opioid receptor activation inhibits calcium-dependent striatal glutamate release in vitro as it does in vivo, it is likely that both muscarinic and k receptors are inhibitory presynaptic heteroceptors expressed by striatal glutamatergic terminals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0731058.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The K-Opioid Agonist, U-69593, Decreases Acute Amphetamine-Evoked Behaviors and Calcium-Dependent Dialysate Levels of Dopamine and Glutamate in the Ventral Striatum (1999)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 73 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract : The effect of a k-opioid receptor agonist on acute amphetamine-induced behavioral activation and dialysate levels of dopamine and glutamate in the ventral striatum were investigated. Amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg i.p.) evoked a substantial increase in rearing, sniffing, and hole-poking behavior as well as dopamine and glutamate levels in the ventral striatum of awake rats. U-69593 (0.32 mg/kg s.c.) significantly decreased the amphetamine-evoked increase in behavior and dopamine and glutamate levels in the ventral striatum. Reverse dialysis of the selective k-opioid receptor antagonist, nor-binaltorphimine, into the ventral striatum antagonized the effects of U-69593 on amphetamine-induced behavior and dopamine and glutamate levels. Reverse dialysis of low calcium (0.1 mM) into the ventral striatum decreased basal dopamine, but not glutamate, dialysate levels by 91% 45 min after initiation of perfusion. Strikingly, 0.1 mM calcium perfusion significantly reduced the 2.5 mg/kg amphetamine-evoked increase in dopamine and glutamate levels in the ventral striatum, distinguishing a calcium-dependent and a calcium-independent component of release. U-69593 did not alter the calcium-independent component of amphetamine-evoked dopamine and glutamate levels. These data are consistent with the view that a transsynaptic mechanism augments the increase in dopamine and glutamate levels in the ventral striatum evoked by a moderately high dose of amphetamine and that stimulation of k-opioid receptors suppresses the calcium-dependent component of amphetamine’s effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0731066.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    κ Receptor Activation Attenuates l-trans-Pyrrolidine-2,4-Dicarboxylic Acid-Evoked Glutamate Levels in the Striatum (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 70 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The effects of local κ receptor activation and blockade on extracellular striatal glutamate levels evoked by reverse microdialysis of l-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (l-trans-PDC) were investigated. l-trans-PDC elevates extracellular glutamate levels in vivo by acting as a competitive substrate for plasma membrane excitatory amino acid transporters. The selective κ-opioid receptor agonist U-69593 (1-100 nM) significantly attenuated l-trans-PDC-stimulated glutamate levels in a concentration-dependent manner. The selective κ receptor antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (1-100 nM) reversed the U-69593-induced decrease in l-trans-PDC-evoked glutamate levels also in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that the U-69593-induced reduction was mediated by κ receptor activation. In addition, nor-binaltorphimine significantly elevated basal extracellular glutamate levels, implying that κ receptors tonically regulate glutamate efflux in the striatum. Previous data from this laboratory have shown that l-trans-PDC-evoked extracellular glutamate levels are partially calcium-sensitive. The present study demonstrated that the inhibition of l-trans-PDC-evoked glutamate levels by reduced calcium perfusion was not altered by U-69593. Therefore, κ receptors regulate the calcium-dependent component of l-trans-PDC-evoked extracellular glutamate levels in the striatum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.70020626.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DOES GNP EXAGGERATE GROWTH IN “ACTUAL” OUTPUT? THE CASE OF THE UNITED STATES (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 42 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Measures of national product can be misleading because there is nonmarket production. There are also distortions due to transactional activities, which are expenditures to support transactions, not actual output consumed. For 1950–89, this study recalculates output for the United States, adjusting for transactional activities and nonmarket production. Due to relatively rapid growth in transactional activities, GNP overstates output growth in the 1950s; because there was slow expansion of transactional activities in the early 1970s, GNP understates actual output. Since 1974, increases in transactional activities and shifts to market production lead GNP to exaggerate improvement of “actual” output per capita.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1996.tb00144.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    l-trans-Pyrrolidine-2,4-Dicarboxylic Acid-Evoked Striatal Glutamate Levels Are Attenuated by Calcium Reduction, Tetrodotoxin, and Glutamate Receptor Blockade (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 68 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: l-trans-Pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (l-trans-PDC) reverses plasma membrane glutamate transporters and elevates extracellular glutamate levels in vivo. We investigated the possibility that l-trans-PDC-stimulated glutamate levels are mediated partially by increases in transsynaptic activity. Therefore, the degree to which l-trans-PDC-evoked glutamate levels depend on calcium, sodium-channel activation, and glutamate-receptor activation was investigated by infusing via reverse microdialysis (a) 0.1 mM calcium, (b) 1 µM tetrodotoxin, a selective blocker of voltage-dependent sodium channels, (c) R(−)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP), a selective NMDA-receptor antagonist, or (d) LY293558, a selective α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate antagonist. In separate experimental groups, l-trans-PDC-evoked glutamate levels were reduced significantly by 55% in the presence of 0.1 mM calcium and by 46% in the presence of tetrodotoxin. Additionally, CPP and LY293558 significantly attenuated l-trans-PDC-evoked glutamate levels without altering basal glutamate levels. These data suggest that glutamate transporter reversal by l-trans-PDC initially elevates extracellular glutamate levels enough to stimulate postsynaptic glutamate receptors within the striatum. It is proposed that glutamate-receptor stimulation activates a positive feedback loop within the basal ganglia, leading to further glutamate release from corticostriatal and thalamostriatal afferents. Therefore, either extracellular striatal calcium reduction or tetrodotoxin perfusion leads to decreased action potential-dependent glutamate release from these terminals. In addition, blocking glutamate receptors directly reduces medium spiny neuronal firing and indirectly attenuates corticostriatal and thalamostriatal activity, resulting in an overall depression of l-trans-PDC-stimulated glutamate levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68041553.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of Atrazine by Fenton's Reagent: Condition Optimization and Product Quantification (1995)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Environmental science & technology 29 (1995), S. 2083-2089 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5851
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00008a028
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional expression and subcellular localization of a high-Km hexose transporter from Leishmania donovani (1995)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 34 (1995), S. 11814-11821 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00037a020
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Quality of Skill Acquisition in Young Workers' First Job (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Labour 12 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9914
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Young workers' experiences of their first job form an important stage in the transition from school to work, and the quality of that experience is likely to have a strong bearing on future chances in the labour market. We provide evidence on a key aspect of that experience, namely, whether the skills acquired during the first job are firm-specific or in some degree transferable. More than one in six young people acquired only firm-specific skills in their first substantial job. High levels of prior human capital, short training spells or training leading to qualifications tend to raise, while being in casual or temporary jobs tends to lower, the likelihood that transferable skills are acquired.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9914.00076
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