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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shortening velocity is different in longitudinal · and circular muscle layers of the rabbit urethra (1998)
    Springer
    Urological research 26 (1998), S. 423-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Key words Force ; velocity relation ; Rabbit ; Urethra ; Lactate dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate whether the functional difference between circular and longitudinal muscles in the female rabbit urethra is reflected in their shortening properties and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. For mechanical experiments the preparations were chemically skinned to avoid influence of membrane-related mechanisms and to enable maximal activation. Force–velocity relations and the maximal shortening velocity (vmax) were determined using the isotonic quick-release method. The vmax was three times higher in longitudinal muscle. LDH isoform pattern was determined on agarose gels. The M-subunit, favourable for lactate formation, constituted 70% of the total in both types of muscle. There was no difference in the LDH isoform pattern despite the marked difference in vmax. We conclude that the difference in vmax reflects differences in the contractile machinery itself. These mechanical characteristics are advantageous for the role of the circular as a tonic muscle contracting during bladder filling, and the longitudinal as a phasic muscle active in opening up the urethra during micturition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002400050080
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cystometrical evaluation of acute and chronic overdistension in the rat urinary bladder (1998)
    Springer
    Urological research 26 (1998), S. 325-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Key words Urinary bladder ; Obstruction ; Hypertrophy ; Cystometry ; Atropine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The urodynamic effects of an experimental, partial infravesical outlet obstruction in rats were studied and compared with the effects in sham-operated controls, and in animals that had undergone 24 h of total outlet obstruction. The animals were studied up to 42 days after surgery. Bladder weight increased with time in the partially obstructed group to reach a final value of 6 times that of the control. In water loading experiments micturition volume was unaffected by sham operation. In the partially obstructed bladders it decreased initially but normalized with time. In the group that had undergone 24 h of total obstruction micturition volume also decreased initially but then became significantly higher than in the controls. In cystometry experiments the partially obstructed bladders developed a considerable residual urine and increased threshold and micturition pressures. Detrusor instability was present already after 10 days. Also in the cystometry experiments the bladders that had been totally obstructed for 24 h had increased micturition volumes. Residual volume was only slightly affected by atropine in the control and partially obstructed bladders but increased 7-fold in rats in which the bladder had been totally obstructed for 24 h 42 days previously. We conclude that there is a close relationship between bladder weight, residual volume and micturition pressure in the partially obstructed bladder, and that 24 h of total obstruction results in disturbances of bladder function that might be related to denervation phenomena previously reported by others.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002400050064
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The distribution of intramural nerves in urinary bladder after partial denervation in the female rat (1998)
    Springer
    Urological research 26 (1998), S. 291-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Key words Urinary bladder ; Rat ; Pelvic ganglion ; Innervation ; Denervation ; Plasticity ; Age
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated the degree of neuronal plasticity following a partial denervation of the rat urinary bladder. Using acetylcholinesterase staining we found that the postganglionic nerves from the pelvic ganglion reach the intact bladder as 1–4 nerve trunks on each side, slightly ventral and caudal to the ureteral orifices. Normally a few thinner nerves also reach the bladder posterolateral to the ureterovesical junction. The nerves ventral to the ureters run in the ventral longitudinal muscle layer as well-defined trunks with a pattern that does not differ much from one animal to another. The nerves reaching the bladder dorsolaterally innervate the dorsolateral aspects in a more irregular fashion. Some anastomoses are found across the midline between nerves from either side. This nerve pattern is already in place in newborn rats. After removal of the pelvic ganglion on one side in the adult rat the ipsilateral ventral nerves rapidly degenerate, whereas some dorsolateral␣nerves usually survive. Axons from the intact ventral␣nerves can be seen crossing over to the denervated side in the anastomoses. After 13 weeks the surviving ventral nerves, which normally run at some distance from the ventral midline, now run in the midline with equal amounts of ventral longitudinal muscle on either side, and with their branches evenly distributed to both sides. The same pattern is seen after 27 weeks. Unilateral ganglionectomy in 3-week-old rats leads to the same changes in nerve distribution as in the adult rat. We conclude that there is a high degree of plasticity in the bladder innervation following a partial denervation, and that this plasticity includes the distribution of its main intramural nerve trunks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002400050060
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contractile properties of ureters from rats with infravesical urinary outlet obstruction (1998)
    Springer
    Urological research 26 (1998), S. 337-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Key words Ureter ; Urinary bladder ; Smooth muscle ; Hypertrophy ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mechanical properties of ureters from rats with infravesical urinary outflow obstruction were studied in vitro. Urinary outflow obstruction was created by partial ligation of the urethra in female rats. After 10 days a marked hypertrophy of the urinary bladder and a dilatation of the ureters were observed. Proximal and distal segments of the ureters from these animals were isolated and mounted in a wire myograph for force registration. Comparisons were made with ureters from control rats. The ureters from the rats with urinary outflow obstruction exhibited a large increase in lumen diameter and an unchanged thickness of the muscle layer. These data suggest that the dilatation of the ureters is associated with growth of the smooth muscle in the wall. All ureter preparations were relaxed in normal physiological salt solution. When the extracellular K+ concentration was increased to 20 mM the dilated ureters became spontaneously active. At [K+] in the range 20–40 mM in the presence of noradrenaline (10−5 M) all ureters exhibited high-frequency spontaneous contractions. The dilated ureters had a lower frequency of spontaneous contractions and a higher force. The results show a pronounced remodelling of the ureter wall following infravesical outlet obstruction. The structural changes were associated with alterations in the contraction pattern of the preparations, most probably reflecting changes in the excitation-contraction coupling of the growing cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002400050066
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons in rat parasympathetic, sympathetic and sensory ganglia: a comparative study (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular histology 27 (1995), S. 819-831 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6865
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In rats, the distribution of nerve structures staining for NADPH-diaphorase, and showing immunoreactivities for nitric oxide synthase (NOS), tyrosine hydroxylase and various neuropeptides was studied in sensory ganglia (dorsal root, nodose and trigeminal ganglia), in sympathetic ganglia (superior cervical, stellate, coeliac-superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia), parasympathetic ganglia (sphenopalatine, submandibular, sublingual and otic ganglia), and in the mixed parasympathetic/ sympathetic ganglia (major pelvic ganglia). The coincidence of neuronal cell bodies with strong NOS-immunoreactivity and strong NADPH diaphorase reactivity was almost total. The relative proportions of NOS-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were largest in parasympathetic ganglia and major pelvic ganglia followed by sensory ganglia. In sympathetic ganglia no NOS-immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies could be detected. In parasympathetic and major pelvic ganglia, there was a very significant neuronal co-localization of immunoreactivities for NOS and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). This was almost total in major pelvic ganglia, in which NOS-/VIP-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were separate from sympathetic (tyrosine hydroxylase-/neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive), suggesting that NOS-/VIP-immuno-reactive neurons might also be parasympathetic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00171761
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons in rat parasympathetic, sympathetic and sensory ganglia: a comparative study (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular histology 27 (1995), S. 819-831 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6865
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In rats, the distribution of nerve structures staining for NADPH-diaphorase, and showing immunoreactivities for nitric oxide synthase (NOS), tyrosine hydroxylase and various neuropeptides was studied in sensory ganglia (dorsal root, nodose and trigeminal ganglia), in sympathetic ganglia (superior cervical, stellate, coeliac-superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia), parasympathetic ganglia (sphenopalatine, submandibular, sublingual and otic ganglia), and in the mixed parasympathetic/ sympathetic ganglia (major pelvic ganglia). The coincidence of neuronal cell bodies with strong NOS-immunoreactivity and strong NADPH diaphorase reactivity was almost total. The relative proportions of NOS-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were largest in parasympathetic ganglia and major pelvic ganglia followed by sensory ganglia. In sympathetic ganglia no NOS-immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies could be detected. In parasympathetic and major pelvic ganglia, there was a very significant neuronal co-localization of immunoreactivities for NOS and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). This was almost total in major pelvic ganglia, in which NOS-/VIP-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were separate from sympathetic (tyrosine hydroxylase-/neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive), suggesting that NOS-/VIP-immuno-reactive neurons might also be parasympathetic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02388306
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contraction kinetics and myosin isoform composition in smooth muscle from hypertrophied rat urinary bladder (1996)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 63 (1996), S. 86-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: smooth muscle ; urinary bladder ; hypertrophy ; myosin light chain ; myosin heavy chain ; force-velocity relationship ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Mechanical properties and isoform composition of myosin heavy and light chains were studied in hypertrophying rat urinary bladders. Growth of the bladder was induced by partial ligation of the urethra. Preparations were obtained after 10 days. In maximally activated skinned preparations from the hypertrophying tissue, the maximal shortening velocity and the rate of force development following photolytic release of ATP were reduced by about 20 and 25%, respectively. Stiffness was unchanged. The relative content of the basic isoform of the essential 17 kDa myosin light chain was doubled in the hypertrophied tissue. The expression of myosin heavy chain with a 7 amino acid insert at the 25K/50K region was determined using a peptide-derived antibody against the insert sequence. The relative amount of heavy chain with insert was decreased to 50%, in the hypertrophic tissue. The kinetics of the cross-bridge turn-over in the newly formed myosin in the hypertrophic smooth muscle is reduced, which might be related to altered expression of myosin heavy or light chain isoforms. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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