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  • 1990-1994  (9)
  • 1985-1989  (1)
  • 1970-1974  (2)
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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (12)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The oscillatory and steady shear rheological properties of concentrated solutions of proteoglycan subunit (PGS) and aggregate (PGA) from bovine articular cartilage have been studied using a Rheometrics fluids spectrometer. At comparable concentrations in the physiological range tan δ increases from 0.5 to 1.0 for PGA as the oscillation frequency (ω) increases from 10-1 to 102 rads / s, compared to a decrease from 40 to 5 for PGS. Thus PGA solutions exhibit predominantly elastic response whereas those of PGS exhibit primarily viscous behavior. PGA solutions show pronounced shear-thinning behavior at all shear rates (γ) in the range 10-2 〈 γ (s-1) 〈 10 2, whereas PGS solutions exhibit predominantly Newtonian flow. For PGA, the small-strain complex viscosity η* (ω) is substantially smaller than the steady-flow viscosity η (γ) at comparable values of ω and γ. These observations indicate that the presence of proteoglycan aggregates leads to formation of a transient or weak-gel network. Since aggregation leads to a large increase in molecular hydrodynamic volume and hence in the relaxation times for macromolecular rotation, it appears that role of aggregate formation is to shift the linear viscoelastic response from the terminal viscous flow into the plateau elastomeric regime of relaxational behavior. Normal or pathological changes that produce a decrease in aggregation will result in a loss of elastomeric behavior of the proteoglycan matrix.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 1175-1183 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The temperature dependence of hydrogen isotope exchange rates for lysozyme in 5 molal aqueous glycerol and for poly (D,L-alanine) in a range of glycerol concentrations from 0 molal to 8 molal have been determined. The activation enthalpy of base-catalyzed exchange for poly (D,L-alanine) in water is 4 kcal/mol and passes through a minimum at about 2 molal glycerol before returning to a value of 4 kcal/mol at 4 molal glycerol. Exchange rates for lysozyme have been analyzed with transition state and Kramers's theories. The activation parameters for exchange of protons in lysozyme in the presence of 5 molal glycerol show a similar qualitative behavior to those determined for exchange in the absence of glycerol [R. B. Gregory et al. (1982) Biochemistry 24, 6523-6530]. The activation enthalpies and entropies for the fast-exchanging protons show a gentle increase as H(t), the number of hydrogens remaining unexchanged, decreases. By contrast, the activation parameters for the slowest exchanging protons [H(t) 〈 20] increase dramatically as H(t) decreases. As in water, the activation parameters for exchange of the fast- and slow-exchanging protons in glycerol solution are characterized by two distinct compensation temperatures (510 ± 100 K for the fast protons and 340 ± 40K for the slow protons). These values are not significantly different from those determined for exchange in water.The activation parameters, ΔH
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 9 (1970), S. 1403-1406 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: In polystyrene the major part of crosslinks is produced during irradiation in a “hot reaction”. 10% of the crosslinks are formed in a postreaction.A kinetic analysis of the experimental data showed the latter reaction to be first order. At larger storage times especially at higher temperatures the initial increase of crosslinks is followed by a decrease. This can only be explained if the crosslinks are formed during dissolution.We assume, that the posteffect is due to trapped cyclohexadienyl- and benzylradicals. The first order kinetics is ascribed to a transformation of cyclohexadienyl- to benzylradicals. By dissolution of the polymer after increasing storage time the reaction of cyclohexadienylradicals with benzylradicals, which leads predominantly to disproportionation, is replaced by recombination of two benzylradicals forming crosslinks. At higher temperatures and long storage times also benzylradicals must dissapear in the solid polymer by reactions not forming crosslinks.Additives like Anthracene and Naphthochinon suppress the posteffect.Based on the experimental results a reaction mechanism for the formation of crosslinks during irradiation and in the postreaction is proposed.
    Notizen: Der Hauptteil der im Polystyrol radiolytisch erzeugten Kettenvernetzungen entsteht während der Bestrahlung im festen Polymeren. Es konnte jedoch gezeigt werden, daß nach Bestrahlungsende das Reaktionsgeschehen noch nicht absgeschlossen ist, sondern eine Postreaktion stattfindet, über die etwa 10% der Vernetzungen gebildet werden.Die kinetische Analyse unserer Ergebnisse ergab, daß es sich hierbei um die Aufeinanderfolge zweier Teilreaktionen handelt, deren erste, zu Vernetzungen führende, dem Reaktionsgesetz erster Ordnung gehorcht. Dabei muß angenommen werden, daß die Vernetzungen der Postreaktion erst bei der Quellung des bestrahlten Polymeren im Lösungsmittel entstehen.Das Reaktionsgeschehen wird so gedeutet, daß in der ersten Teilreaktion eine Umwandlung von Cyclohexadienylradikalen in Benzylradikale erfolgt, für die bei der Quellung die Möglichkeit der Vernetzungsbildung besteht. Im Falle höherer Lagerzeiten und beim übergang zu höherer Temperatur muß für diese Benzylradikale jedoch eine nicht zu Vernetzungen führende Konkurrenzreaktion existieren. Als solche wird Doppelbindungsbildung in Betracht gezogen.Durch die Additive Anthracen und Naphthochinon wird die Postreaktion bei der angewandten Dosis unterdrückt. Dies führen wir zurück auf das Quenchen von angeregten Zuständen bzw. das Abfangen von Radikalen, insbesondere von thermischen H-Atomen.Gestützt auf die experimentellen Ergebnisse wird ein Reaktionsmechanismus für die Ausbildung von Kettenvernetzungen während der Bestrahlung und im Posteffekt gegeben.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 4 (1993), S. 363-363 
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5 (1994), S. 185-190 
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Differences in bearing surface conformity and wear mechanisms suggest that the polyethylene (PE) wear debris generated by total knee replacement (TKR) prostheses should be different than that in total hip replacement prostheses (THR). To address this issue, PE wear debris and the cellular response in periprosthetic tissues from 19 failed TKRs was compared to that from 24 failed THRs using polarized light microscopy and a semiquantitative grading system. The foreign-body inflammatory reaction in the THR cases was characterized by plump macrophages with a diffuse cytoplasmic birefringence when examined under polarized light, indicating the presence of multiple submicron particles of PE. The majority of the PE particles were 〈1 μm in size and only a small fraction of the total were 〉10 μm. The foreign-body inflammatory reaction in the TKR cases was characterized by giant cells with fewer macrophages. In the TKR specimens, the size range of PE particles was broader than in the hips. PE particles between 2 and 20 μm were frequent in TKR specimens; particles 〈1 μm in length were less common than in the THR specimens. Diffuse cytoplasmic birefringence was not a characteristic of the TKR cases. These histologic differences were so consistently distinct that the source of the specimen (i.e., from a THR or TKR) could be blindly determined by light microscopy. The size distribution of the PE wear particles in these cases indicate that THRs generate a higher number of submicron PE particles and relatively few large particles while TKRs generate a broader range of particles that includes fewer submicron particles. The observed differences in the cellular responses is likely a direct result of the differences in the spectrum of PE wear particles. These differences may in part account for differences in periprosthetic bone resorption and loosening in TKRs as compared to THRs. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 4 (1993), S. 119-125 
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear particles are frequently implicated in causing failure of total joint arthroplasties by eliciting a foreign body reaction. The majority of these particles are subcellular and many are submicron in size. Identification of these small particles of UHMWPE by conventional histologic techniques is difficult. We have therefore investigated the utility of Oil Red O (ORO) stain to identify UHMWPE on histologic sections.A wide variety of specimens was studied including an experimental rabbit model with subcutaneous implantation of polyethylene particles as well as specimens from clinical cases with joint arthroplasties. The sensitivity and specificity of ORO stain was compared to conventional polarized light microscopy for the identification of particulate UHMWPE debris. The ORO stain was found to be as sensitive in identifying particulate UHMWPE debris as polarized light microscopy. However, ORO stain was less specific: two specimens that did not contain any UHMWPE also stained with ORO. Careful examination of standard hematoxylin and eosin stained sections with polarized light was therefore more specific for the identification of particulate UHMWPE. As a single test, the ORO stain does not appear to offer any clear advantage specifically for the identification of UHMWPE. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 45 (1992), S. 783-795 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The effect of low dose (1-20 Mrad) γ-irradiation on five fluoropolymers (PVF, PVDF, ETFE, FEP, PFA), differing in fluorine content and chain structure, was studied. The radiation effect, reflected by changes in thermal and mechanical properties, as well as NaOH etched surface morphology, was investigated. The main chain structure was found to predominate the irradiated polymers' behavior. The tensile strength of PVF and its resistance to etching increased with radiation dose, while its degree of crystallinity and melting temperature decreased. These changes were correlated with network formation by irradiation and by the incorporation of crosslinked segments into the crystalline phase during recrystallization. Solvent extraction of PVDF (no solvents were found for the other fluoropolymers) revealed increased gel formation with increasing dose. The degree of crystallinity and the tensile strength dependence on radiation dose for PVDF and ETFE reflected the competition between crosslinking and chain scission events. FEP and PFA undergo predominantly chain scission accompanied by reduction of their mechanical properties. PFA even exhibited an increase in both its melting temperature and degree of crystallinity, stemming from a massive degradation process forming shorter chains. Chemical mechanisms are discussed in an attempt to correlate the irradiation effects with the polymers' chain structure.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 43 (1991), S. 535-541 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Poly(vinylidene fluoride) films were γ-irradiated in the dose range of 1-20 Mrad, resulting in up to 74% gel. The irradiated polymer undergoes both crosslinking and chain scission, about 5 : 3 events, respectively. Swelling measurements indicate an increasing crosslink density with the gel content, already at the lower doses. Thermal analysis of the gel fraction and the unextracted irradiated samples shows that although crosslinking affects the crystallization, degree of crystallinity, and the melting characteristics, the behavior of the crosslinked material is predominantly controlled by the extractable sol fraction which consists of the more mobile original chains, branched chains, and degraded ones. The crosslinks, already at low density, retard the development of ordinary crystalline polymer morphology.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 19 (1985), S. 1181-1202 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The permeability characteristics of a water-segmented polyurethane (Biomer) system under the conditions encountered in circulatory-assist devices were investigated. A diffusion cell and permeability system providing precise control of membrane boundary conditions and allowing continuous measurement of water vapor transmission was designed. Liquid water at 37°C was used as the donor fluid and the system incorporated a constant-flow nitrogen carrier gas and an optical dew point sensor downstream to determine the water vapor mass flow rate as a function of time. The mass flow rate was then numerically integrated and plotted against time to allow calculation of effective diffusion coefficient (D) by the dynamic time lag method. Steady-state permeabilities were found to be insensitive to donor chamber hydrostatic pressure (50-200 mm Hg) indicating that bulk flow is not a transport mechanism in these membranes. The permeability coefficient (P) was independent of membrane thickness (H) over the four samples tested (0.0102, 0.0148, 0.0269, and 0.0366 cm), with an average value of 3.29 × 10-4cm2/s. Thus, diffusion was Fickian with negligible boundary layers. A plot of lag time versus H2 was linear (R = 0.98) yielding a value for D of 2.18 × 10-7cm2/s. A water-Biomer partition coefficient was determined for each sample with an average value of 1525, indicating a moderately hydrophilic membrane with a water sorption of 6.3% at 37°C. Since water transport is by Fickian diffusion in the absence of bulk flow, liquid water cannot be expected to accumulate in circulatory-assist devices unless a condensing surface is maintained within the system.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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