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  • 1990-1994  (1)
  • 1985-1989  (1)
  • Adélie Penguin  (1)
  • Gametic disequilibrium  (1)
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  • 1990-1994  (1)
  • 1985-1989  (1)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Adélie Penguin ; energetics ; Microclimate ; Reproduction ; Thermoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We measured meteorological conditions and estimated the energy costs of thermoregulation for young and adult Adélie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) at a breeding colony near the Antarctic Peninsula. Air temperatures averaged 〈 5°C and strong winds were frequent. Operative temperatures (Te) for adults ranged from −8 to 28°C, averaging 5–6°C, for the period from courtship to fledging of chicks. The average energy cost of thermoregulation (Cth) for adult penguins was equivalent to 10–16% of basal metabolism. Cth comprised about 15% of the estimated daily energy budget (DEB) of incubating adults, but only about 1% of the DEB of adults feeding chicks. The Te's for chicks older than 14 days ranged from 0 to 31°C, averaging 8.0 C. The Cth for downy chicks ranged from about 31% of minimal metabolic rate (MMR) in 1 kg chicks to about 10% of MMR in 3 kg chicks. Between initial thermal independence (age 12–14 days) and the cessation of parental feeding (age 35–40 days), chicks use about 10–11% of assimilated energy for thermoregulation. Cth is equivalent to about 17% of the MMR of fledglings during their 2–3 week fast. We observed no indication of thermal stress (i.e., conditions in which birds cannot maintain stable Tb) in adults and no indication of cold stress in any age class. However, on clear, calm days when air temperature exceeds 7–10°C for several hours, downy chicks are vulnerable to lethal hyperthermia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1987), S. 799-808 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Douglas-fir ; Mixed mating model ; Outcrossing rate ; Gametic disequilibrium ; Counting method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Arrays of open-pollinated seeds were assayed for allozyme polymorphisms at ten loci (Aat2, Est1, G6pd, Idh, Mdh2, Mdh3, Pgm, Sod, 6Pgd1, 6Pgd2) to obtain estimates of the outcrossing rate and assess multilocus association in a natural population of coastal Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. The allele frequencies in the samples of adult trees and pollen-gamete pool were similar. Maximum-likelihood estimators of the outcrossing rate for individual loci and two multilocus models were derived using counting methods. The single-locus maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) of the outcrossing rate were significantly heterogeneous; they varied over a more than two-fold range from 0.404 to 0.935, with an average MLE of 0.741. Both multilocus MLEs of the outcrossing rate were 0.887. The sample of trees was in random mating equilibrium when assessed on a pairwise-locus basis using Burrows' composite measure of gametic disequilibrium, with one exception (Mdh2 Sod) that was attributable to a rare “gametic” class. In the sample of pollen gametes, 5 of the 45 pairwise-locus associations were nominally significant at the 0.05 level: Idh Est1, Mdh2 Sod, Aat2 Est1, Aat2 Mdh3, and Est1 Mdh3. These apparent associations were attributable in most cases to the relative excess of uncommon or rare paternal gametes of discernibly outcrossed embryos. An additional two-locus association was identified for Mdh2 Pgm which was marginally significant for the major partition of the contingency table that excluded paternal gametes with the rare allele Mdh2 2 .
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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