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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistics of deep-level amphoteric traps in insulators and at interfaces (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 2318-2321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An analysis is presented on the statistics of deep-level amphoteric traps in insulators and at interfaces (insulator boundaries) in terms of the occupancy functions for neutral and ionized trapping centers as a function of free carrier injection and spatial distribution of centers. Amphoteric traps are postulated for bulk insulator traps, such as silicon nitride in nonvolatile, erase-write, semiconductor memory structures. In addition, amphoteric traps may be observed at interfacial boundaries, such as SiO2-Si3N4, SiO2-Al2O3, Si-SiO2, and insulator-liquid with site bonding. Under free carrier electron injection we find the characteristic trapped-charge centroid movement decreases for small values of Rn=σ+n/σ0n, the ratio of capture cross sections for ionized to neutral trapping centers. These results reduce to Arnett's treatment for single-occupancy trapping centers (Rn(very-much-greater-than)1). Efficient conversion of positive (unoccupied) to negative (double-occupancy) charged centers occurs under free carrier electron injection with Rn(approximately-equal-to)1. An analogous situation exists for the reverse operation, namely, conversion of negative to positive charged centers under free carrier hole injection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.334334
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intrinsic antibiotic resistance and competition in fast- and slow-growing soybean rhizobia on a hybrid of Asian and US cultivars (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 66-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Antibiotic resistance ; Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Competition ; Rhizobium fredii ; Soybean nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Six fast-growing soybean rhizobia (Rhizobium fredii) and thirteen slow-growing soybean rhizobia (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) were examined for resistance to 10 antibiotics. Axenic studies were carried out to determine the competitiveness of dual-strain inocula consisting of fast- and slow-growing rhizobia isolated from subtropical-tropical soils for nodule occupancy on a hybrid of Asian and US soybean cultivars. Nodule occupancy was determined by intrinsic resistance to erythromycin and neomycin. The results showed wide variability in resistance to 10 antibiotics for fast- and slow-growing rhizobia. The intrinsic antibiotic resistance of fast- and slow-growing rhizobia was extremely high against nalidixic acid (400 μg ml−1) and penicillin (200 μg ml−1). The competitive ability of inoculant strains for nodule occupancy varied for different combination sets and with the plant growing media. Our results show that fast-growing rhizobia nodulate a hybrid of Asian and US soybean cultivars. Fast-growing soybean rhizobia did not completely exclude nodulation by the slow-growing strains, which formed 0–79% nodules, depending on the strain used in the inoculum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260518
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological and symbiotic characteristics of Rhizobium fredii isolated from subtropical-tropical soils (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1988), S. 350-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Rhizobia ; Effective N2-fixation ; Osmotic pressure ; Symbiosis ; Glycine max ; Rhizobium fredii ; Rhizobium japonicum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Physiological and symbiotic characteristics were identified in Rhizobium fredii isolated from subtropical-tropical soils. The generation times of R. fredii Taiwan isolated-SB 357 and -SB 682 were 1.7 and 2.5 h, respectively. These strains were associated with acid production in yeast-extract mannitol medium. They were able to use hexoses, pentose, sucrose, trehalose and raffinose. Strain SB 357 can resist a high concentration of kanamycin (100 μg ml−1 and penicillin (400 μg ml−1). It can tolerate up to 2.34% NaCl and 1031.3 mosmol kg−1 (23.4 bars). The growth rate of R. fredii SB 357 under the concentration of approximately 450 mosmol kg−1 (10.2 bars) was not affected by salinity, but responded to osmotic pressure. Both strains (SB 357 and SB 682) isolated from subtropical-tropical soils were able to form an effective N2-fixing symbiosis with the US soybean cv Clark lanceolate leaflet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262145
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Rhizobium and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza inoculations on nodulation, symbiotic nitrogen fixation and soybean yield in subtropical-tropical fields (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 165-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Rhizobium ; Glomus ; VA mycorrhiza ; Soybean inoculation ; Glycine max ; Symbiotic N2 fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field experiments were carried out to determine the effects of single and mixed inoculations with Rhizobium and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) on nodulation, symbiotic N2 fixation and yield of soybeans in six Taiwan subtropical-tropical sites. Inoculation with Rhizobium alone significantly increased nodulation, nodule weight and nitrogenase activity of nodules in three out of six experimental fields, and affected soybean yields in the range −13% to + 134%. Inoculation with VAM fungi alone did not have a significant effect on nodulation and nitrogenase activity. Mycorrhiza inoculation affected soybean yields in the range −13% to + 65%, but only the yield increases at one out of six sites with N application were statistically significant. Mixed inoculation with Rhizobium and mycorrhiza affected yields in the range −8% to + 145% A synergistic effect from mixed inoculation of Rhizobium-mycorrhiza on soybean yields was found in one out of six experimental fields. The yield response to N application (40 kg N ha−1) in these six paddy-field trials was not significant. These results suggest that single or mixed inoculation of rhizobia can greatly assist soybean grain yields and can replace N fertilizers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257668
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrification and nitrifying potential of tropical and subtropical soils (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 15 (1993), S. 87-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrification ; Tropical soil ; Subtropical soil ; Nitrifying population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrification was measured in five different soils (slate alluvial soil, sandstone shale alluvial soil, sandstone shale and slate alluvial soil, red soil, and Taiwan clay). In these soils different lag periods were recorded before the onset of nitrification. Nitrifying activity was highest in sandstone shale alluvial soil and the lowest in acidic red soil. A part from those in the red soil, the numbers of nitrifying bacteria detected were all higher than numbers reported in temperate soils. However, there were no clear relationships between the numbers of nitrifying bacteria and the rate of nitrification in these soils. When soil cores were incubated for 3 weeks, no NO inf2 sup- or NO inf3 sup- was defected in the slate alluvial soil. This was ascribed to denitrification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336423
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