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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of thermal stress induced void growth in narrow aluminum lines (1991)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 59 (1991), S. 1341-1343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: 1-μm-wide Al lines were passivated at 300 °C and annealed at 400 °C. The thermal stress induced growth of individual voids was monitored during room-temperature storage. The growth kinetics of voids are analyzed in terms of a grain boundary diffusion controlled model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.105302
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Room temperature spectral hole burning and elimination of photodarkening in sol-gel derived CdS quantum dots (1994)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 64 (1994), S. 1487-1489 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Spectral hole burning at room temperature is used as a technique to compare optical nonlinearities of semiconductor quantum dot materials prepared by the sol-gel and glass fusion techniques. In an effort to understand the mechanism of photodarkening in quantum dots and assess its effect on optical nonlinearities, we prepared and characterized three representative samples with similar dot sizes. We found that photodarkening can be reduced substantially by controlling the media surrounding the dots. The sol-gel derived samples with 80 wt % SiO2 do not exhibit appreciable photodarkening while the melt-quenched glasses with 56 wt % SiO2 exhibit strong photodarkening effects at room temperature which results in reduction of their optical nonlinearity by a factor of (approximately-equal-to)20 compared with the sol-gel derived samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.111867
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stress-migration related electromigration damage mechanism in passivated, narrow interconnects (1991)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 59 (1991), S. 1464-1466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In passivated metal interconnects, grain boundary sliding during cooldown from high temperature process steps provides the driving force and sites for void nucleation. Furthermore, residual stresses are known to result in appreciable growth of voids during and after cooldown. The current driven coalescence of such voids is shown to constitute an important failure mechanism for the lines during electromigration testing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.105289
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electromigration-induced failure in passivated aluminum-based metallizations−The dependence on temperature and current density (1992)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 61 (1992), S. 411-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A new dynamic picture of electromigration-induced failure in passivated narrow lines allows the prediction of the variation of lifetimes with temperature and current density. According to the model, damage is usually nucleated by thermal stress-induced voiding. Small voids are trapped and grow at grain and phase boundaries. After reaching a critical size, voids then begin to migrate and coalesce, eventually leading to line severance. In most cases this leads to lifetimes varying approximately as the square of the current density j for low and moderate j, and faster for large j. The temperature dependence is determined by a combination of bulk, surface, and grain boundary diffusivities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.107898
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal-stress-induced voiding in narrow, passivated Cu lines (1992)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 60 (1992), S. 1706-1708 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Copper is being considered as an alternative to aluminum-based metallizations in microelectronic circuits, both because copper is a better conductor and because it is expected to be more resistant to thermal stress and electromigration induced failure. However, thermal stresses are found to cause significant voiding in passivated copper lines, in a manner very similar to that commonly observed for passivated aluminum lines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.107192
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selective Nitrogen Assimilation by Poria weirii (1967)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 213 (1967), S. 814-814 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Many fungi, including Basidiomycetes such as Collybia tuberosct (Fr.) Quel. and Lentinus tigrinus Fr., can use \ nitrate nitrogen2'3 and therefore presumably produce nitrat reductase, the enzyme required for reduction of nitrate to usable ammonium. Other fungi, however, cannot use nitrate nitrogen, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/213814a0
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural aspects of Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] tuberculate ectomycorrhizae (1992)
    Springer
    Trees 6 (1992), S. 137-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Pseudotsuga ; Tubercles ; Ectomycorrhiza ; Calcium oxalate ; Bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Tubercles of Pseudotsuga menziesii consisted of clusters of ectomycorrhizae surrounded by a peridiumlike rind. Energy dispersive spectroscopy demonstrated that crystals found in the zone of loose hyphae extending from the inner rind to the mantle of each root probably contain calcium oxalate. Inner mantle and Hartig net hyphae showed a labyrinthine branching pattern and stored carbohydrates and protein. The Hartig net formed up to inner cortical cells which had thickened, darkly stained walls. Bacteria were located either along with hyphae within the rind or as colonies on the surface of the tubercle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202429
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of NGF-receptors during immune-mediated and lysolecithin-induced demyelination of the peripheral nervous system (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 22 (1993), S. 1022-1029 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve growth factor receptor, expressed in Schwann cells during early development of the PNS, is rarely found in the normal mature PNS. Following nerve transection nerve growth factor receptor is re-expressed at high levels in the Schwann cells of the denervated nerve fibres. In this study we asked if demyelination caused by an immune-mediated process or by physical destruction of myelin is associated with expression of nerve growth factor receptor, and if so, what cells are positive. We examined spinal roots and sciatic nerves from rats with experimental autoimmune neuritis and sciatic nerves from rats with focal demyelination produced by local application of lysolecithin. Both in 1 μm serial cryosections and in immunostained teased nerve fibres we found that the Schwann cells that were associated with demyelinated internodes expressed nerve growth factor receptor. Immunoreactivity for nerve growth factor receptor appeared first in a perinuclear ring, probably corresponding to the Golgi complex. In completely demyelinated internodes the postmitotic Schwann cells ensheathing the axons expressed nerve growth factor receptor on their plasmalemmae. Neighbouring Schwann cells with intact myelin sheaths remained nerve growth factor receptor negative. In contrast, Schwann cells of neighbouring unmyelinated fibres expressed prominent nerve growth factor receptor immunoreactivity. These data further indicate that expression of nerve growth factor receptor by Schwann cells does not require axonal degeneration, but can be stimulated by some factor associated with acute demyelination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01235746
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen-fixing Bacillus sp. associated with Douglas-fir tuberculate ectomycorrhizae (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 140 (1992), S. 35-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: associative diazotrophs ; Douglas-fir ectomycorrhizae ; nitrogen fixation ; tuberculate ectomycorrhizae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogenase activities, measured by acetylene reduction, were detected under microaerophilic field conditions in Douglas-fir tuberculate ectomycorrhizae. Tuberculate ectomycorrhizae consist of densely packed clusters of ectomycorrhizal rootlets enclosed in a supplementary fungal peridium-like layer. Nitrogenase activity was primarily in the external layer and was greatly enhanced with added sucrose. The bacterium isolated, a nitrogen-fixing, spore-forming Bacillus sp., is an aerobe but requires anaerobic conditions for nitrogenase activity. Respiration in the tuberculate complex by the fungus, roots, and associated mycorrhizosphere microbes probably contributes to maintaining a microaerophilic niche where nitrogen fixation can take place. Water extracts of peridium or mycorrhizal root tips enhanced nitrogenase activity of this associative Bacillus sp., thereby indicating a close nutritional relationship between this bacterium and the tuberculate mycorrhizae. Thiamine more significantly enhanced bacterial nitrogenase activity than biotin; no activity was detected with p-aminobenzoic acid. Even though the levels ofnitrogenase activities in the tubercles in situ were low, as measured by the present methods, they may indicate a significant contribution to the nitrogen dynamics of these nitrogen-limited Douglas-fir forests over a long-term period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012804
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