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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sugar, meat, and fat intake, and non-dietary risk factors for colon cancer incidence in Iowa women (United States) (1994)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 5 (1994), S. 38-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Anthropometry ; colonic neoplasms ; dietary fats ; females ; lifestyle ; meat ; prospective studies ; reproduction ; sucrose ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To investigate the relation of dietary intakes of sucrose, meat, and fat, and anthropometric, lifestyle, hormonal, and reproductive factors to colon cancer incidence, data were analyzed from a prospective cohort study of 35,215 Iowa (United States) women, aged 55–69 years and without a history of cancer, who completed mailed dietary and other questionnaires in 1986. Through 1990, 212 incident cases of colon cancer were documented. Proportional hazards regression was used to adjust for age and other risk factors. Risk factors found to be associated significantly with colon cancer included: (i) sucrose-containing foods and beverages other than ice cream/milk; relative risks (RR) across the quintiles=1.00, 1.73, 1.56, 1.54, and 2.00 (95% confidence intervals [CI] for quintiles two and five exclude 1.0); (ii) sucrose; RR across the quintiles=1.00, 1.70, 1.81, 1.82, and 1.45 (CI for quintiles two through four exclude 1.0); (iii) height; RR=1.23 for highest to lowest quintile (P for trend-0.02); (iv) body mass index; RR=1.41 for highest to lowest quintile (P for trend=0.03); and (v) number of livebirths, RR=1.59 for having had one to two livebirths and 1.80 for having had three or more livebirths compared with having had none (P for trend=0.04). These data support hypotheses that sucrose intake or being tall or obese increases colon cancer risk; run contrary to the hypothesis that increased parity decreases risk; support previous findings of no association with demographic factors other than age, cigarette smoking, or use of oral contraceptives or estrogen replacement therapy; and raise questions regarding previous associations with meat, fat, protein, and physical activity.Cancer Causes and Control 1994, 5, 38–52.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830725
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Difficulty becoming pregnant and family history as interactive risk factors for postmenopausal breast cancer: the Iowa Women's Health Study (1993)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 4 (1993), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast neoplasms ; family history ; infertility ; Iowa Women's Health Study ; nulliparity ; prospective studies ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We recently provided data from a prospective cohort study of postmenopausal women which suggested that a first livebirth at age 30 or older (cf before age 20) was associated with a twofold increased risk of breast cancer in women without a family history, but a 5.8-fold higher risk in women with a positive family history. To address the question of whether these observations reflect difficulty becoming pregnant or maintaining a pregnancy, we performed additional analyses in which the outcome of each pregnancy was considered. During five years of follow-up, 620 incident cases of breast cancer were identified in the 37,105 women at risk. There was little evidence for an increased risk associated with a history of spontaneous abortion (relative risk [RR]=1.1; 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=0.9–1.4), nor was the risk higher among women who reported two or more spontaneous abortions in consecutive pregnancies (RR=1.0, CI=0.7–1.4). Although women who reported that they had tried unsuccessfully to become pregnant had only slightly and nonsignificantly elevated risks of breast cancer (RR=1.1, CI=0.9–1.3), a more pronounced and statistically significant association was noted in women with a positive family history (RR=2.0, CI=1.4–3.2). There was a strong inverse association between failure to become pregnant and parity (P〈0.0001); nearly 50 percent of the nulliparous married women reported having tried and failed to become pregnant, whereas the frequency was only 6.8 percent among married women with five or more livebirths. Thus, difficulties in becoming pregnant may characterize a subset of women at increased risk of breast cancer, especially in the presence of a family history.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051710
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alcohol consumption and postmenopausal endometrial cancer: results from the Iowa Women's Health Study (1993)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 4 (1993), S. 323-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Alcohol ; cohort study ; endometrial cancer ; estrogen replacement therapy ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: At least three case-control studies have examined the association between alcohol consumption and endometrial cancer; two studies showed inverse associations, and a third a positive association. To our knowledge, no prospective studies of this association have been reported. The association between alcohol and endometrial cancer was examined in the Iowa Women's Health Study (United States), a prospective study of postmenopausal women. Information on alcohol consumption and other variables was obtained through a mailed questionnaire in January 1986. Through December 1990, 167 incident endometrial cancer cases occurred in the at-risk cohort of 25,170 women. Multivariate-adjusted relative risks (RR) and 95 percent confidence intervals (CI) were computed using Cox proportional hazards regression controlling for age, body mass index (BMI), parity, age at menopause, and noncontraceptive estrogen use, and to determine multiplicative interactions. The RRs of endometrial cancer associated with 〈4.0 and ≥4.0 g of alcohol per day compared with abstainers were 0.7 (CI=0.5–1.1) and 1.0 (CI=0.7–1.6), respectively. No statistically significant association between endometrial cancer and consumption of either beer, wine, or liquor was observed. There was no interaction between alcohol and any other endometrial cancer risk factors, including BMI or noncontraceptive estrogen use. These data do not support an association between alcohol and endometrial cancer among postmenopausal women.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051334
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary cholesterol, fat, and lung cancer incidence among older women: The Iowa Women's Health Study (United States) (1994)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 5 (1994), S. 395-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Cholesterol ; cohort study ; diet ; fat ; lung cancer ; nutrition ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To test the hypothesis that a high intake of dietary cholesterol and fat is associated with elevated risks of lung cancer, we analyzed data from a population-based, prospective, cohort study conducted among 41,837 postmenopausal Iowa (United States) women who completed, in 1986, a comprehensive mailed questionnaire including information on usual intake of 127 food items. All cohort members were followed for cancer incidence through the statewide cancer registry. By 1991, after six years of follow-up, 272 incident lung-cancer cases were identified. After controlling for total energy intake and other confounding factors, dietary cholesterol, total fat, and animal fat were unrelated to lung cancer risk. Intake in the upper three quartiles of plantderived fat, however, was related to a 30 to 40 percent lower incidence of lung cancer, compared with those in the lowest quartile, with more pronoucned reduction in risk observed among smokers (relative risk=0.6, 95 percent confidence interval=0.4–0.9). This prospective cohort study suggests that high intake of fat of plant origin may be associated with reduced risk of lung cancer, while dietary cholesterol and animal fat intake is unrelated to the etiology of this malignancy in postmenopausal women.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01694752
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metal Complexes with Macrocyclic Ligands. Part XXXIPart XXX: see [1].. Protonation studies and complexation properties of tetraazamacrocyclic methylenephosphonates with earth-alkali ions (1990)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 73 (1990), S. 140-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The three ligands 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid) (1), 1,4,7,11-tetraazacyclotridecane-1,4,7,11-tetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid) (2), and 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,4,8,1 1-tetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid) (3) have been synthesized by condensation of the corresponding macrocycles with formaldehyde and phosphorous acid. The protonation and stability constants with the earth-alkali ions have been determined at 25° and I = 0.1 M (Me4)N(NO3) by potentiometric titrations. Because of the high values of the first two protonation constants, 1H-NMR measurements were necessary to determine them. Titrations in different supporting electrolytes (NaNO3, KNO3, RbNO3, CsNO3, and Me4N(NO3)) show that their choice is of paramount importance, as the above ligands can form complexes with alkali-metal ions. The potentiometric results for the earth-alkali ions show that beside mononuclear complexes of different degrees of protonation ([MLHn], n = 0-4), also binuclear species are formed ([M2LHm], m = 0-2). It is interesting that 1 with the smallest macrocyclic ring has the greatest tendency to form binuclear complexes, which are so stable that they partially prevent the formation of the corresponding mononuclear species. For [ML], [MLH], [M2L], and [M2LH], the stability sequence is Mg2+ 〈 Ca2+ 〉 Sr2+ 〉 Ba2+, whereas for [MLH2], [MLH3], and [MLH4], the stability steadily decreases from Mg2+ to Ba2+.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19900730115
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metal complexes of macrocyclic ligands. Part XXXVIIPart XXXVI: [1].. Synthesis of Heteroditopic Bis-macrocycles and Their Potential for Preparing Heterobinuclear Metal Complexes (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 23-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new and generally applicable synthetic path for the preparation of heteroditopic bis-macrocycles using tri-N-protected tetraazacycloalkanes as building blocks and bromoacetyl bromide as bridging reagent is described. In the first step, bromoacetyl bromide is used as acylating agent for one of the macrocycles, whereas in the second step it is used as alkylating agent for the second macrocycle, thus giving protected bis-macrocyclic amides (e.g. 6). After reduction of the amide moiety and deprotection, bis-azamacrocycles with an ethylene bridge are obtained (e.g. 8). The corresponding homoditopic bis-macrocycles 16 and 17 are also prepared for comparison purpose. Spectrophotometric studies indicate that bis-macrocycle 8, which consists of a 12- and a 14-membered ring, binds two metal ions with equal affinity, whereas compound 13, in which an unsubstituted (cyclam) and a trimethyl-substituted tetraazacyclotetradecane unit (Me3cyclam) are bridged, shows selective metal-ion binding. The first metal ion is always incorporated into the cyclam unit, whereas the second one binds to the Me3cyclam macrocycle. Thus, by sequential addition of two different metal ions, heterobinuclear complexes can easily be prepared. The electrochemistry of the binuclear Ni2+ complexes, studied by CV and DPV, as well as the EPR spectra of the binuclear Cu2+ complexes clearly indicate metal-metal interactions.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19940770105
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metal complexes with macrocyclic ligands. Part XXXIVPart XXXIII: [1].. Geometrical and conformational changes during the on/off reaction of the side chain in the CuII complex of 11-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4,7,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 74 (1991), S. 1689-1696 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Solution studies of the Cu2+ complex with 11-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4,7,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane(L) indicate that, depending on the pH and on the age of the solution, different species are present. Dissolving the solid [CuL](ClO4)2 in slightly acidic solution gives the protonated complex AH, characterized by an absorption maximum at 574 nm, by a relatively fast proton-induced dissociation kinetics and by the typical colour change in basic solution to give the deprolonated form A with coordinated side chain. AH slowly interconverts in acidic solution to a new species BH, which has an absorption maximum at 547 nm, and which is kineticaily more stable against acid dissociation and shows no coordination of the amino group of the side chain. In alkaline solution, however, the deprotonated form B deliver A in a base induced reaction. The X-ray diffraction studies of A and BH allow to determine the geometry of the metal ion and the configuration of the macrocycle. In A, the Cu2+ is pentacoordinated by the five N-atoms of the ligand and the macrocycle is in the RRSR configuration, whereas in BH the Cu2+ is octahedrally coordinated by the four N-atoms of the macrocycle and two axial perchlorate O-atoms with the macrocycle in the RRRS configuration. The amino group of the side chain is protonated and not coordinated. Thus, the on/off equilibrium of the side chain not only changes the geometry of the metal ion, as is generally found, but also alters the macrocyclic moiety.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19910740809
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metal Complexes with Macrocyclic Ligands. Part XXXIIPart XXXI, see [1].. Reactivity studies of the pendant carboxylic group in a macrocyclic Cu2+ complex towards amide formation and its use as a protein-labelling agent (1990)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 73 (1990), S. 149-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Cu2+ complex of 1, having a non-coordinating carboxylic group, can be reacted under the typical conditions of peptide formation with amines such as 2-methylpropylamine or (pyrid-2-yl)methylamine to give, after removal of Cu2+ with CN-, the amides 4 and 5. The Cu2+ ion is of paramount importance since it protects the four amino groups of the macrocycle so that the amide condensation can specifically be done with the exogenous amine It is also shown that the Cu2+ complex of 1 can be covalently attached to bovine serum albumin (BSA), thus opening the possibility to use this compound as a labelling agent for proteins and antibodies.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19900730116
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metal Complexes with Macrocylclic Ligands. Part XXXVPart XXXIV: [1].. Stabilities of some bivalent metal-ion complexes with 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1-acetie acid (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 76 (1993), S. 557-562 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The stability constants of the Mn2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, pb2+, and Cd2+ complexes with 1,4,7-triazacylononane-1-acetic acid (noma) were determined at 25° and 0.5M (KNO3) by potentiometric titrations. The species [ML] and [ML(OH)] were found in al cases except for Ni2+, whereas [ML2] was only detected for Cd2+. For the complexes [ML], the order of stability is Mn2+ 〈 Cd2+ 〈 pb2+ 〈 Zn2+ 〈 Zn2+ 〈 Ni2+ 〈 Cu 2+, which is consisten with the Irvin-Williams Series.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19930760137
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metal complexes with macrocyclic ligands. Part XXXVIPart XXXVI:[1].. Thermodynamic and kinetic studies of bivalent and trivalent metal ions with 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 383-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: NMR, potentiometric, and UV/VIS measurements were run to study the protonation and the In3+ and Cu2+ stability constants of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (do3a, L). The protonation of do3a follows the typical scheme with two high and several low log KH values. Between pH 11 and 13, the protonation mainly occurs at the N-atom, which is not substituted by an acetate side chain. The In3+ complex is not appreciably protonated even at low pH values (pH ⋐ 1.7), whereas [CuL] can add up to three protons in acidic solution to give the species [CuLH], [CuLH2], and [CuLH3], the stability of which was determined. The formation rates of the Y3+, Gd3+, Ga3+, and In3+ complexes with do3a were measured using a pH-stat technique, whereas that of Cu2+, being faster, was followed on a stopped-flow spectrophotometer. In all cases, the reaction scheme implies the rapid formation of partially protonated intermediates, which rearrange themselves to the final product in the rate-determining process. ([MLH])in, an intermediate, in which the metal ion probably is coordinated by two amino acetate groups, proved to be the reactive species for Y3+, Gd3+, and Ga3+. The formation of [Cu(do3a)] was interpreted by postulating that either ([CuLH])in or ([CuLH])in, and ([CuLH2])in are the reactive complexes. The rates of dissociation of the Y3+, Gd3+, and Cu2+ complexes with do3a were studied spectrophotometrically. For Y3+ and Gd3+, arsenazo III was used as a scavenger, whereas for Cu2+ the absorption associated with d-d* transition was followed. For [Y(do3a)] and [Gd(do3a)], the rate law follows the kinetic expression kobsd = k0 + k1[H+]. The dissociation of [Cu(do3a)] goes through the proton-independent dissociation of [CuLH3], which is the main species at low pH.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19940770136
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