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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drug discrimination by humans compared to nonhumans: current status and future directions (1993)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 111 (1993), S. 259-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug discrimination ; Discriminative stimulus ; Inter-species comparison ; Stimulus control ; Stimulus effects of drugs ; Drug cues ; Discriminative effects of drugs ; Humans ; Mood ; Subjective effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In drug discrimination (DD) procedures, behavior is differentially reinforced depending on the presence or absence of specific drug stimuli. The DD paradigm has been widely adopted by behavioral pharmacologists because of its specificity of stimulus control, concordance with drug action at cellular levels and its use as a preclinical model of subject-rated effects in humans. With the successful extension of DD to humans, a comparison of human and nonhuman DD will help place each in the context of the other. Twenty-eight studies of DD in humans are reviewed, including studies of amphetamine, opioid, benzodiazepine, caffeine, nicotine, marijuana and ethanol discriminative stimuli. Comparison of procedures between studies in humans and nonhumans reveals a common tradition, except the use of instructions appears to facilitate greatly DD acquisition in humans. Findings were qualitatively similar between humans and nonhumans. Potency relationships were quantitatively similar between humans and most, but not all, other species. Areas of human DD needing additional empirical evaluation include the influence of instructions, the effects of training dose and the effects of antagonists. Additionally, antihistamines, barbiturates, nicotine and marijuana are under-represented in human DD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244940
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of diazepam and hydromorphone in triazolam-trained humans under a novel-response drug discrimination procedure (1994)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 114 (1994), S. 417-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Benzodiazepine ; Diazepam ; Drug discrimination ; Humans ; Hydromorphone ; Novel-response procedure ; Triazolam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Seven healthy normal male and female volunteers (21–31 years) were trained to discriminate between the benzodiazepine triazolam (0.32 mg/70 kg, PO; e.g., drug A) and placebo (e.g., drug B) under a three-choice, instructed novel response drug discrimination procedure. Once the criterion for discrimination was met (i.e., 〉85% correct responding on four consecutive sessions), dose-effect curves were determined for triazolam (0.1–0.56 mg/70 kg), the benzodiazepine diazepam (10–32 mg/70 kg) and the opioid agonist hydromorphone (1–6 mg/70 kg). Subjects met the criterion for discrimination within four to six sessions. Triazolam and diazepam produced dose-related increases in triazolam-appropriate responding and no novel-appropriate responding at any dose tested. In contrast, hydromorphone generally increased novel-appropriate responding in a dose-related manner, with placebo-appropriate responding and some triazolam-appropriate responding at intermediate doses occurring also. Triazolam and diazepam produced qualitatively similar increases on several measures of sedative drug effects; hydromorphone increased ratings of “like novel” and sedative-like effects in subjects who discriminated hydromorphone as novel relative to those who did not. These results indicate that the novel response drug discrimination procedure enhances the specificity of the triazolam-placebo discrimination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02249331
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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