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  • 1990-1994  (4)
  • macropore flow  (2)
  • Enzyme activity  (1)
  • cattle  (1)
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Material
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Year
Keywords
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of pasture improvement and intensive cultivation on microbial biomass, enzyme activities, and composition and size of earthworm populations (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Earthworms ; Enzyme activity ; Microbial biomass ; Pasture ; Soil organic matter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the quantity and distribution of organic C, microbial biomass C, protease, arylsulphatase and arylphosphatase activity, and earthworm numbers and biomass in the soil from a 37-year-old grazed pasture supplied with superphosphate at rates of 0, 188, and 376 kg ha-1 annually. The results were compared with a non-irrigated wilderness site which had not been used for agriculture and an arable site that had been intensively cultivated for 11 consecutive years. In the 0- to 5-cm layer, organic C followed the trend arable〈wilderness = control〈low phosphate = high posphate and soil biological activity generally followed a similar trend. For example, protease and arylsulphatase activity and microbial biomass C followed the order arable〈wilderness〈control〈low phosphate = high phosphate. The greater activity in the control than the wilderness site was attributed to the more regular turnover of organic matter throughout the year in the control due to the activity of the grazing animals. Earthworm numbers increased in the order arable〈wilderness〈control〈low phosphate〈high phosphate. In the improved pasture sites the earthworm population was dominated by Aporrectodea caliginosa (77–89% of total numbers) although Lumbricus rubellus made an increasing contribution to the population with increasing superphosphate rates. In the unirrigated wilderness site the population consisted of 56% A. caliginosa and 44% L. rubellus. While Octolasion cyaneum and A. rosea made up a small proportion of the population in the improved pasture sites, they were not present in the wilderness or arable sites. A. caliginosa was the only species present in the arable site. The mean fresh weight of individuals followed the order arable〈control = low phosphate = high phosphate〈wilderness and the proportion of jeveniles in the population was greatest in the arable and lowest in the wilderness site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336320
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The leaching and chemical transformations of surface-applied urea under flood irrigation (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 28 (1991), S. 139-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Urea ; leaching ; macropore flow ; miscible displacement ; irrigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The depth of leaching and the rate of chemical transformation of surface-applied granular urea was studied in the field and in intact soil cores in the laboratory following the flood irrigation of a young barley crop. In the field, preferential flow of urea occurred to 300–400 mm depth with the application of 50 mm of irrigation, but the urea concentration remained greatest in the surface (0–50 mm) layer. In contrast, leaching of urea was dominated by miscible displacement under 100 mm of irrigation in the field. Little urea remained in the surface layer after irrigation and maximum urea concentration occurred at 200–400 mm depth. There was no apparent significant redistribution of urea or its hydrolysis products through the profile after the initial sampling. Urea leaching patterns in intact soil cores were different to those in the field and were largely unaffected by irrigation volume. Preferential water flow occurred through the soil cores, although most of the applied urea was by-passed and remained in the surface layer. Transformation rates of urea were similar in the field and in soil cores. Urea was transformed to ammonium within 48 h, with almost complete conversion of ammonium to nitrate within 192 h of application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049744
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transformations and plant uptake of urine-sulphate in urine-affected areas of pasture soil (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 145 (1992), S. 167-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: macropore flow ; pasture soils ; soil sulphur ; sulphur transformations ; sulphur fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The fate of sheep urine sulphate in the soil and its plant uptake was monitored using 35S-labelled sulphate-S in undisturbed pasture microplots in two glasshouse experiments. The extent of macropore flow of simulated urine immediately following a sheep urination was also investigated at 5 pasture sites in the field. Immediately following urination to pasture microplots in the glasshouse, the amounts of urinederived 35S recovered in the 0–2.5, 2.5–7.5, 7.5–15 and 15–30 cm soil layers were 38, 28, 18 and 9%, respectively. In the field study on 5 contrasting soils, a similar pattern was found with 55–70, 20–35 and 13–20% of simulated urine being recovered in the 0–5, 5–10 and 10–15 cm soil layers, respectively. There was insignificant loss below 15 cm. If urine had moved via simple displacement in these soils the wetting front would have reached only 2.0–2.5 cm in depth suggesting that significant downward movement of urine via macropore flow occurs after urination. In a 15-day period following urine application to a pasture soil there was a rapid rate of incorporation of 35S into organic forms, while between 15 and 64 days the rate of incorporation declined. After 7 days, 27% of added 35S had been incorporated into organic forms with 19% being C-bonded S and 8% Hl-reducible S. This rapid incorporation was attributed to the large and active microbial biomass present in the rhizosphere. Since urine application depressed pasture growth, due to ‘urine burn’, less than 10% of applied 35S was absorbed by pasture plants over a 64-day period. A second experiment using microplots of contrasting soil types, confirmed that the majority of the 35S incorporated into the organic form was present as C-bonded S. Results showed that of the 35S remaining in the 0–2.5 cm layer 35 days after application, 20–40% was present as sulphate, 10–20% as Hl-reducible S and 50–60% as C-bonded S. Plant uptake of S accounted for only 7–12% of applied 35S over the 35-day period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010345
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of initial wetting pattern, nutrient concentrations in soil solution and the fate of15N-labelled urine in sheep and cattle urine patch areas of pasture soil (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 162 (1994), S. 49-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cattle ; nitrate leaching ; nitrogen transformations ; pasture soil ; sheep ; soil solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three field experiments were carried out to compare cattle and sheep urine patches in relation to (i) initial wetting pattern and volume of soil affected, (ii) soil solution ionic composition and (iii) the fate of15N-labelled urine in the soil over the winter period. The distribution of Br− (used as a urine tracer) across the soil surface and down the profile was irregular in all the patches. The pasture area covered by Br− in the sheep patches was 0.04–0.06 m2 and Br− was detected to a depth of 150 mm. Cattle patches were significantly larger covering a surface area of 0.38–0.42 m2 and penetrating to a depth of 400 mm. The rapid downward movement of urine occurred through macropore flow but even so, over half of the applied Br− was detected in the 0–50 mm soil layer in both sheep and cattle patches. Due to the larger volume of urine added to the cattle patches (2000 mL for cattle and 200 mL for sheep) the effective application rate was about 5 L m−2 compared with 4 L m−2 for sheep. Concentrations of extractable mineral N and ionic concentrations in soil solution were higher in cattle than sheep patches particularly near the soil surface. In both sheep and cattle patches, urea was rapidly hydrolysed to NH 4 + and nitrification occurred between 14 and 29 days after urine application. Initially the major anions and cations in the soil solution were HCO 3 − , SO 4 = , Cl−, NH 4 + , Mg++, K+ and Na+, which were derived from the urine application. Ionic concentrations in the soil solution decreased appreciably over time due to plant uptake and possibly some leaching. As nitrification proceeded, NO 3 − became the dominant anion in soil solution and the major accompanying cation was Ca++. The fate of15N-labelled urine-urea was followed during a 5 month period beginning in late autumn. Greater leaching losses of NO 3 − occurred below cattle patches (equivalent to 60 kg N ha−1 below 300 mm and 37 kg N ha−1 below 600 mm) compared with sheep patches (10 kg N ha−1 below 300 mm and 1 kg N ha− below 600 mm). While 6% of the applied15N was leached the amount of N leached was equivalent to 11% of the applied urine-N in cattle patches. This suggests that there was significant immobilsation-mineralisation turnover in urine patch soil with the release of mineral N from native soil organic matter. In both sheep and cattle patches 60% of the15N was accounted for in plant uptake, remaining in the soil and leaching. About 40% of the applied N was therefore lost through gaseous emission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01416089
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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