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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Property stabilization in filled, drawn polyethylene (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 43 (1991), S. 543-551 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mechanical properties of high density polyethylene (HDPE) extended to draw ratios in the 20-40 range have been determined and compared with corresponding properties of the polymers containing particulates including rutile, carbon black, iron oxide, and mica. Shrinkage of drawn structures was studied to temperatures near the fusion of the polymer host. The degree of interaction at polymer/additive interfaces was varied by surface coating certain of the solids with standard coupling agents. Solids were found to increase tensile moduli and to decrease shrinkage, particularly at higher exposure temperatures. The magnitude of changes due to the presence of solids was shown to depend on the apparent interaction at contacts between host and additive. In a dispersion-force matrix, like HDPE, benefits were optimized when the particulates were amphoteric or neutral, rather than having pronounced acid or base interaction potentials.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070430315
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aspects of surface characterization of polyurethane adhesives (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 52 (1994), S. 1857-1865 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The performances of adhesives is strongly dependent on the contributions to overall surface energies from dispersion and nondispersion forces. In this work, surface energies have been studied for polyurethanes representing the categories of aliphatic and aromatic polyethers and aliphatic polyesters. The surface energies of the polymers were measured by static and dynamic contact angle methods. In addition to determining the energy values for polymers as received, evaluations were also made on the polymers following modification by an aminopropyl silance (APS), present at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 20 wt %. The dispersion surface energies of the three polymers were roughly equal; however, the nondispersive surface energies strongly differentiated among them. Organic liquids were used for calculations of energy parameters from static contact angles. Data for water failed to follow theoretical expectations and were used instead to compute a work of adhesion parameter for the polymer/water interface. This correlated with nondispersion surface energies of the polyurethanes. Somewhat different values of the nondispersion surface energy were obtained from static and dynamic contact angles, an effect attributed to the tendency of polyurethanes to restructure when their surfaces were in prolonged contact with water during dynamic analysis. This behavior may be important to the type of adhesive bond formed by the polymers and to variations in bond characterstics with time. The use of APS was found to influence both static and dynamic contact angle values, with primary changes occuring in nondispersion contributions. The effects of APS addition were fully developed at concentrations of 1 wt % or less, raising doubts about the efficiency of using this additive at higher concentrations. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070521303
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface characteristics of polymer/small molecule blends (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 54 (1994), S. 743-752 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Inverse gas chromatographic data have been obtained for polystyrene, polycarbonate, and two substituted amines used as additives in the polymers. Surface energies have been determined and evaluations made of acid/base interaction parameters and Flory-Huggins χ values for the surface bounded interphase. It was shown that acid/base considerations are implicated in the miscibility of these polymer/additive systems. Surface energy analyses showed that surface and bulk compositions in blends differed whether or not the blend components were miscible. Composition differences were the result of thermodynamic drives to minimize surface free energy. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070540605
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aspects of polymer surface characterization by inverse gas chromatography (1994)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 32 (1994), S. 1653-1656 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: acid-base interactions ; surface energy ; acceptor and donor numbers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The inverse gas chromatographic method has been used to evaluate dispersive surface energies and acid/base interaction values for a styrene/maleic anhydride copolymer over a substantial temperature range. Surface energy calculations require knowledge of the dimensions of adsorbed molecules; conventional values of these for linear alkanes result in reliable surface energy data at near-ambient temperatures. Above about 60°C, however, more reliable surface energy data are obtained when the dimensions of the adsorbed species are corrected by density/temperature variations of the vapors. The copolymer studied was shown to be amphoteric, but with an appreciable prevalence of basic surface sites. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1994.090320908
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interfacial interactions and mechanical properties of filled polymers (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 40 (1990), S. 1783-1794 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mechanical properties, notably the ductility of rutile-filled low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), were studied to determine the influence of filler dispersion and of matrix-filler interactions. Potential interactions between polymer and filler were obtained from inverse gas chromatography, in the form of acid/base interaction parameters. The strength of filler aggregates was obtained from flow properties of the dry powders. Dispersion quality in molded specimens was identified from X-ray contact micrographs. The ductility of filled, nonpolar LDPE was found to be independent of acid/base considerations, but strong correlations have been drawn between the strength of filler aggregates and the quality of dispersion attained by controlled mixing methods. Inherent filler agglomeration thus also affects the mechanical properties of the nonpolar matrix. Coated, nonagglomerated fillers dispersed well, leading to ductilities at low filler load that exceeded that of the unfilled host polymer. In contrast, acid/base interactions were found to exert dominant influence on rutile dispertion in CPE. Similarly, the mechanical properties of this polymer varied with the acid/base forces acting at matrix/filler contacts.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070400931
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crosslinking reactions in pigmented olefinic polymers (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 46 (1992), S. 2049-2054 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermally initiated crosslinking reactions have been studied in a linear low-density polyethylene, and an ethylene - propylene rubber. The polymers contained conventional thermal stabilizers or one of three surface-coated rutile pigments. Enthalpies of crosslinking and reaction kinetics depended on the degree of terminal vinyl unsaturation in the polymers, that characteristic being greater in the rubber than in the polyethylene. The presence of thermal stabilizers did not exert any measurable influence on measured parameters of the crosslinking processes. The effects of rutile varied, depending on their surface acidity or basicity, as determined from chromatographic measurements. Basic rutile was found to reduce heats and to slow rates of reaction, while acidic rutiles did not affect the reactions. These observations may be attributed to interaction between the basic pigment surface and acidic moieties involved in the crosslinking reaction. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070461118
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasma modification of cellulose fibers: Effects on some polymer composite properties (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 51 (1994), S. 285-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Cellulose fibers have been surface-modified by selected cold, microwave plasma treatments. Inverse gas chromatographic (IGC), XPS, and SEM analyses showed surface treatment to be incomplete, but, nevertheless, effective in controllably altering the acid/base interaction balance of fiber surfaces. Surface-modified fibers were used in composites with polystyrene (PS), chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), and polypropylene (PP) as, respectively, basic, acidic, and neutral matrices. Favorable acid/base interactions led to enhanced mechanical properties and increased glass transition temperatures of composites. Acid/base interaction appears to be an important, though not the sole consideration, in the design of superior systems using cellulose fibers as reinforcing agents. As expected, in the case of PP composites, acid/base considerations proved to be irrelevant. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070510211
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pigment dispersion in thermally modified polyethylenes (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 39 (1990), S. 465-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070390220
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inverse gas chromatographic study of polymer blend interactions and their temperature dependence (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 46 (1992), S. 787-796 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The temperature dependence of the thermodynamic interactions in blends of polypropylene and a fluorochemical was studied by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). A modified procedure has been proposed to evaluate the effective surface composition in polyblends. This shows that the low surface energy component preferentially concentrates in the surface region of blends. Moreover, the new procedure greatly reduces the probe-to-probe variation of χ23, a problem frequently encountered in thermodynamic applications of the IGC method. As a result, IGC may now be used with increased confidence for the determination of interaction thermodynamics in polymer systems over broad temperature ranges. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070460506
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IGC study of surface properties of adsorbed styrene/methacrylic acid diblock polymers (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 51 (1994), S. 521-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An inverse gas chromatographic study has been carried out on a styrene/methacrylic acid diblock polymer adsorbed on particulates of varying acid/base interaction potential. Acid/base interactions between polymer and substrate were shown to result in the selective adsorption of copolymer moieties, leading to interphase surface compositions that varied with thickness. At higher interphase thicknesses, bulk and surface compositions became similar; however, depending on the interaction potential of the adsorbent, the interphase thicknesses at this point varied from 100 to 1000 Å. Adsorbed diblock interphases are to be considered nonisotropic in local composition and molecular conformation. These properties may make possible designing diblock interphases to meet specific compatibilization requirements in polymer composites. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070510315
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