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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-temperature sulfidation of Fe-Mn-Cr alloys (1991)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 36 (1991), S. 409-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe-Mn-Cr alloys ; sulfidation ; Cr3S4 ; multilayered scales
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Alloys of composition (in weight percent) Fe-10Mn-10Cr, Fe-10Mn-25Cr, and Fe-25Mn-10Cr were reacted at temperatures of 973 and 1073 K with flowing hydrogen-hydrogen sulfide mixtures corresponding to equilibrium sulfur partial pressures of 10−3 and 8 Pa. Sulfide-scale-growth kinetics and morphologies were compared with those found on pure iron and on the binary alloys Fe-25Cr and Fe-25Mn. All alloys reacted according to parabolic kinetics after an initial period of slow approach to this steady state. Of the materials examined, the binary Fe-25Mn showed the slowest sulfidation rates, except at 973 K and a sulfur pressure of 8 Pa, where Fe-10Mn-25Cr had the best performance. Ternary alloys provided improved performance only when a scale layer of Cr3S4 was formed, an event dependent on temperature and sulfur activity. Multilayered scales were always formed on the ternary alloys, and the role of these layers in controlling sulfidation rates is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01151589
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfidation behavior of Fe-27Mn-(0-17.3)Mo(a/o) alloys (1993)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 40 (1993), S. 245-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sulfidation ; Fe-Mn-Mo ; FexMo6S8−z ; three-layered scale ; internal sulfidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Iron-base alloys containing ca. 27 a/o (atomic percent) manganese and up to 17.3 a/o molybdenum were sulfidized in H2/H2S gases of 4 Pa sulfur partial pressure at temperatures of 700–1000° C. Three-layered scales developed on all the molybdenum-containing alloys, and an internal sulfidation zone was observed in most cases. The overall scaling process and individual layer growth all followed parabolic kinetics. The outer and intermediate layers comprised Fe(Mn)S and Mn(Fe)S, respectively. Sulfidation rates varied with the morphology and constitution of the inner layer. The reaction product FexMo6S8−z, which was restricted to the inner layer, is permeable to sulfur, iron and manganese, but not molybdenum.For high-molybdenum levels, the overall scaling rate decreased, as a result of the slow diffusion of iron in FexMo6S8−z. For low-molybdenum levels, this beneficial effect is small and outweighed by the formation of an inner two-phase layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00664493
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of yttrium and zirconium additions on the high-temperature sulfidation behavior of an Fe−10Mo−20Al−8Mn alloy (1994)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 42 (1994), S. 485-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sulfidation ; Fe−Mo−Al−Mn ; Fe−Mo−Al−Mn−Y ; Fe−Mo−Al−Mn−Zr ; Al2O3, Al0.55Mo2S4
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of zirconium and yttrium additions on the sulfidation behavior of an Fe−10Mo−20Al−8Mn(a/o, atom percent) alloy were examined in flowing H2/H2S gas of 4Pa sulfur partial pressure at 900°C. Good scale protection was obtained during the initial reaction stage of the base alloy. However, after 7–8 hr, the formation of internal (Mn,Fe) Al2S4 platelets triggered breakdown of the protective scale. The reaction products of the zirconium-containing alloy were nonprotective. Yttrium addition resulted in an Y(Fe1−xAlx)12 network along the alloy ferrite grain boundaries. Preferential sulfidation of this phase led to almost complete manganese depletion from the engulfed ferrite, and consequently avoided the manganese-promoted scale breakdown.After an even slower initial stage, this alloy sulfidized at a parabolic rate two orders of magnitude slower than that of pure iron. The protection during the initial and following stages was believed to be provided by an Al2O3-containing layer and an Al0.55Mo2S4+FexMo6S8−z layer, respectively. The formation of Al2O3 is thought to be due to oxygen impurities in the H2S gas, which cannot be removed by conventional means.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046762
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrogen doping effects in the sulfidation of molybdenum (1991)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 36 (1991), S. 15-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: anions ; diffusion ; intercalation ; point defects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of molybdenum sulfidation have been studied in H2S/H2 gas mixtures at 1173 K. Sulphur partial pressures were controlled by the equilibrium reaction between H2S, H2, and S2. Pure molybdenum metal was sulfidized at a fixed $$p{_S} _{_2 } $$ value of 133 Pa with varying H2S and H2 partial pressures, and at fixed H2S partial pressures of 5.06×10 pa4 and 5.06×103 Pa with varying hydrogen and sulfur partial pressures. The gravimetric sulfidation kinetics were parabolic under all conditions. X-ray diffraction analysis of the reaction product scale revealed the presence of MoS2 only. The sulfide scales were of uniform thickness, had a compact morphology, and were tightly adherent to the metal. The sulfidation rates at a fixed sulfur partial pressure increased with increasing hydrogen partial pressure. At fixed $$p{_H} _{_2} {_S} $$ values, the rate was almost constant at high $$p{_H} _{_2 } $$ values, but increased substantially as $$p{_H} _{_2 } $$ was decreased. Defect models for hydrogen dissolution in MoS2 are developed and compared with the experimental results. It is concluded that the sulfidation rate effects are due to hydride anion occupation of interlayer sites in MoS2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00938454
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfidation behavior of a binary Fe-Mn alloy (1990)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 34 (1990), S. 161-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: transient effects ; steady state ; preoxidation ; sulfidation ; Fe-Mn alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract An Fe-27 w/o (weight %) Mn alloy was sulfidized at temperatures of 973, 1073, and 1173 K inflowing H2/H2S/N2 atmospheres corresponding to equilibrium sulfur pressures of 8 Pa. Steady-state parabolic kinetics were always observed after an initial period during which the instantaneous parabolic rate constant increased with time. Product scales were compact and consisted of a layer of Fe(Mn)1−x S over an inner layer of α-Mn(Fe)S. Preoxidation led to a diminution in the subsequent sulfidation rate. Conflicts between differing reports in the literature of the kinetics of this reaction are resolved, and it is concluded that the protective effect expected of an α-MnS layer is in fact possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00665013
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-temperature-sulfidation behavior of Fe-Mo-Mn-Al alloys (1993)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 40 (1993), S. 433-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sulfidation ; Fe-Mo-Mn-Al ; Fe-Mo-Al ; FeAl2S4 ; protective scale ; nodules ; scale breakdown
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The sulfidation behavior of multiphase, iron-based alloys containing up to 24 a/o molybdenum, up to 16.3 a/o manganese, and up to 24 a/o aluminum was examined in flowing H 2 /H 2 S gases, corresponding to a sulfur partial pressure of 4 Pa, at 800° C. An accelerated sulfidation rate was almost invariably observed on the quaternary alloys, but slow linear kinetics were found for Fe-22Mo-17Al. This behavior is due to the different products of the preferentially-attacked ferrite phase. If FeAl2S4 formed over the ferrite phase, the sulfur-incorporation rate into the scale was slowed down and accordingly the alloys had excellent protection, whereas formation of a MnS+FeS+MoS2 mixture led to poor protection or breakdown of a protective scale. The nature of the ferrite reaction products was determined by the ferrite composition, which can vary widely. The molybdenum-rich R-phase and AlMo3 reacted with sulfur slowly. When a protective preferential-sulfidation zone formed, the unreacted intermetallic phases provided a mechanical framework for FeAl2S4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666385
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