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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cerebrospinal fluid cutaneous fistula (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 49 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1994.tb04495.x
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  • 2
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    Insiders and Outsiders in Labour Market Models (1990)
    Wien : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Journal of economics/Zeitschrift für Nazionalökonomie. 52 (1990) 43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-8658
    Topics: Economics
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:4223-1990-052-00-000006
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The potential of alley cropping im improvement of cultivation systems in the high rainfall areas of Zambia II. Maize production (1992)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 17 (1992), S. 241-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: alley cropping ; maize ; soybean ; soil fertility ; Leucaena leucocephala ; Sesbania sesban ; Albizia falcataria ; Flemingia congesta ; Gliricidia sepium ; Cassia spectabilis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Theee trials to evaluat the potential of alley cropping in maize production on the low fertility, acidic soils in Northern Zambia are described. Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium, Sesbania sesban, Albizia falcataria, Fleminga congesta, and Cassia spectabilis, were grown in alley crops with hybrid maize and soybean. All trials received recommended rates of P and K fertiliser; N fertiliser was applied at three rates as a subplot treatment. One trial received lime before establishment. Only in the limed trial was there a significant improvement in maize yields through alley cropping; when no N fertiliser was applied, incorporation of Leucaena leucocephala prunings resulted in an increase of up to 95% in yields, with a smaller improvement being produced by Flemingia congesta. There was a significant correlation between the quantity of prunings biomass applied and the proportional increase in maize yields over the control treatment. It is suggested that the lack of effect of most of the tree species on crop yields was due to low biomass production. An economic analysis showed that alley cropping with limed Leucaena was only profitable when fertiliser costs were high in relation to maize prices. However, lime is both expensive and difficult to obtain and transport for most small scale farmers in the region, and is therefore not a practical recommendation. It is suggested that future alley cropping research should focus on screening a wider range of tree species, including other species of Leucaena, for acid tolerance and higher biomass production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00054150
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The potential of alley cropping in improvement of cultivation systems in the high rainfall areas of Zambia I. Chitemene and Fundikila (1992)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 17 (1992), S. 219-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: alley cropping ; shifting cultivation ; chitemene ; fundikila ; soil fertility ; sustainability ; Flemingia congesta ; Cassia spectabilis ; Calliandra calothyrsus ; Tephrosia vogelii ; Sesbania sesban
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three trials investigating the potential of alley cropping to improve the traditional systems of cultivation, chitemene and fundikila, in the Northern Province of Zambia are described. Flemingia congesta, Tephrosia vogelii, and Sesbania sesban, were grown in association with finger millet, groundnut, cowpea, and maize in various traditional cropping sequences. The indigenous species Tephrosia vogelii and Sesbania sesban were not able to withstand repeated pruning and the long following dry season, and were replaced with Calliandra calothyrsus, and Cassia spectabilis. Over a four year period, there was no benefit by alley cropping with any of the tree species on crop yields, and yields in alley crop treatments even dropped significantly below the control treatments in the fourth year, casting doubt on the potential of alley cropping for sustainable production. There was also no consistent effect on soil chemical characteristics in any of the trials. It was suggested that this lack of beneficial response to alley cropping was due to low tree biomass production low quality of prunings, and an inappropriate cropping sequence. There was no evidence that alley cropping contributed to enhanced nutrient recycling, despite substantial localised pools of soil nutrients, particularly in the chitemene, with which recycling could potentially occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00054149
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The potential of agroforestry in the high rainfall areas of Zambia: a peasant programming model approach (1993)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 24 (1993), S. 39-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: shifting cultivation ; Northern Zambia ; chitemene ; peasant household models ; multi-objective programming ; Structural Adjustment Program (SAP)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Existing cropping systems in Northern Zambia cause deforestation and soil degradation. To reduce the environmental problems, the potential of alley cropping and pigeon peas replacing the existing cropping systems was analyzed by the use of multi-objective programming models of peasant households. The models were formulated based on the theories of Chayanov and Nakajima which are suitable under conditions of imperfect labour markets. Risk was incorporated in the models in relation to weather and fertilizer supply. The models provide an opportunity to relate key characteristics of new technologies to key characteristics of peasants' preferences and resource constrains. The models may also be used to identify minimum performance levels required for new technologies to be found acceptable. Models of a small male-headed household are presented under varying conditions: for high and low population densities, with and without fertilizer subsidies, and for households with and without access to off-farm employment under high population density conditions. The analysis showed that the alley cropping technology is very unlikely to replace thechitemene system where there is still sufficient woodland for its continuation. The technology may have higher potential in more densely populated areas, where more intensive forms of agriculture are practised and where there is access to inputs such as lime and fertilizer. The removal of fertilizer subsides as a result of the Structural Adjustment Programs, may favour alley cropping because this technology may increase the efficiency of fertilizer use and reduce the need for nitrogenous fertilizers. The potential of the technology depends very much on the management level and location-specific performance of the trees. The pigeon pea technology has high potential if it is accepted as food since it has a very favourable yield per unit of labour, requires no monetary inputs, and can grow, in very poor soils. Pigeon pea also has potential as a cheap source of protein for the urban poor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705267
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional anteversion of the femur in healthy children and its measurement (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 6 (1993), S. 342-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: hip ; knee ; femoral anteversion ; tibial torsion ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In this paper, we introduce the concept of functional anteversion of the femur and its positional change. It emerged from studies using B-mode and real-time ultrasound to determine femoral anteversion in two knee positions. Twenty healthy children were scanned at the hips whilst lying supine with knees extended and then with the knees flexed to about 90°. The “anteversion” angle between the head-trochanter line and the horizontal measured with knees extended and feet together is determined by three factors: 1) anatomical femoral anteversion, 2) femoro-tibial rotation at the knee, and 3) tibial torsion. This is one type of “functional anteversion” of the femur.The best reproducibility for functional femoral anteversion was obtained by scanning with real-time ultrasound and the knees extended (95% confidence limits within ± 2.8°); the use of B-mode ultrasound in the knees-extended position is significantly less reproducible (95% confidence limits within ± 6.1°). In the flexed-knee position, the reproducibility is similar with both B-mode and real-time ultrasound (± 2.6-3.5°). Both positions have limitations in attempts to measure anatomical femoral anteversion by ultrasound.The functional femoral anteversion angle measured by B-mode and real-time ultrasound is significantly larger (by 9-10°) with the knees flexed than with the knees extended. This positional change of measured femoral anteversion involving axial rotation at the hip is attributed mainly to 1) lateral rotation (unlocking) of the femur at the knee during flexion from the fully extended position and 2) any lateral tibial torsion which rotates the femur nedially in the knees-extended position with the feet vertical. The considerable individual variation and asymmetry of this axial rotational change may have relevance to the etiology of certain clinical disorders of the spine, hip, and knee joints. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980060605
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