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  • 1
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Prostate cancer ; Micrometastasis ; Bone marrow ; Double immunocytochemistry ; Cytokeratin ; Prostate-specific antigen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for cytokeratins are potent probes for the identification of disseminated individual epithelial tumour cells in mesenchymal organs such as bone marrow. We have used a monoclonal antibody (mAB) against cytokeratin 18 (CK18) for the detection of individual metastatic tumour cells in bone marrow aspirates from 84 patients with carcinoma of the prostate. CK18+cells were detected in a sensitivity of 1 per 8×105 marrow cells using the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) system for staining. We were able to detect CK18+tumour cells in the marrow of 33% of patients with stage N0M0 prostate cancers. The incidence of CK18+cells showed a significant correlation with established risk factors, such as local tumour extent, distant metastases and tumour differentiation. For further characterization of such cells in patients with prostate cancer, we developed an immunocytochemical procedure for simultaneous labelling of cytokeratin component no. 18 (CK18) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). In a first step, cells were incubated with a murine mAb against PSA, followed by goldconjugated goat anti-mouse antibodies. In a second step, a biotinylated mAb to CK18 was applied as primary antibody and subsequently incubated with complexes of streptavidin-conjugated alkaline phosphatase, which were developed with Newfuchsin substrate. The binding of gold-labelled antibodies was visualized by silver enhancement. CK18+cells co-expressing PSA were found in bone marrow aspirates from 5 out of 14 patients with carcinomas of the prostate. The specificity of CK18 for epithelial tumour cells in bone marrow was supported by negative staining of 12 control aspirates from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Thus the prostatic origin of CK+cells in bone marrow of patients with prostate cancer has been directly demonstrated for the first time in this work. In conclusion, the approaches presented appear to be reliable methods of identifying and phenotyping individual prostatic carcinoma cells and may help to identify those patients with prostate cancer who are at high risk of relapse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Early dissemination of malignant cells is the main cause for metastatic relapse in patients with solid tumours. By use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for cytokeratins, disseminated individual epithelial tumour cells can now be identified in mesenchymal organs such as bone marrow. Further to characterize such cells in patients with prostate cancer, an immunocytochemical procedure was developed for simultaneous labelling of cytokeratin component no. 18 (CK18) and prostate specific antigen (PSA). In a first step, cells were incubated with mAb ER-PR8 against PSA and secondary gold-conjugated goat anti-mouse antibodies. In a second step, biotinylated mAb CK2 to CK18 was applied as primary antibody and subsequently incubated with complexes of streptavidin-conjugated alkaline phosphatase, which were developed with the Newfuchsin substrate. The binding of gold-labelled antibodies was visualized by silver enhancement. The sensitivity and specificity of the technique was demonstrated on cryostat sections of hyperplastic prostatic tissue, and cytological preparations of LNCaP prostatic tumour cells. Double staining was restricted to cells derived from the secretory epithelium of the prostate. Cross-reactivity between both detection systems was excluded by several controls, including the use of unrelated antibodies of the same isotype and the staining of CK18+/PSA− HT29 colon carcinoma cells. CK18+ cells co-expressing PSA were found in bone marrow aspirates from 5 out of 13 patients with carcinomas of the prostate, a finding that is consistent with the relative fraction of double-positive LNCaP cells. The specificity of CK18 for epithelial tumour cells in bone marrow was supported by negative staining of 12 control aspirates from patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. In conclusion, the approach presented appears to be a reliable method to phenotype individual prostatic carcinoma cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die klinische Diagnose der chronischen Prostatitis und die Abgrenzung von psycho-vegetativen Störungen mit objektiven Laboruntersuchungen ist ein schwieriges Problem. 265 Ejakulate von Patienten mit der Verdachtsdiagnose chronische Prostatitis wurden umfassend mikrobiologisch, einschließlich der STD-Erreger, untersucht. Zur Verifizierung eines Entzündungsprozesses im Bereich von Prostata und Adnexe wurde die Komplement C3-, Coeruloplasmin- und die Granulozytenelastasebestimmung durchgeführt. Darüber hinaus wurde eine semiquantitative Leukozytenbestimmung im gefärbten Ejakulatausstrich ausgewertet. Von den 265 Patienten war der sehr empfindliche Entzündungsparameter C3 in 185 Fällen unterhalb der Nachweisgrenze oder im Normbereich, so daß bei diesen Patienten eine Entzündung im Bereich von Prostata und Adnexe weitgehend ausgeschlossen werden konnte. 17% dieser C3-negativen Ejakulate wiesen jedoch erhöhte Elastasewerte auf. Sie konnten durch eine Urethritis anterior/posterior mit STD-Erregern erklärt werden, was die Wichtigkeit der Elastasebestimmung unterstreicht. 80 Patienten zeigten erhöhte C3-Spiegel. In dieser Gruppe zeigten 38,8% der Patienten ebenfalls eine Erhöhung der Coeruloplasmin- und der Elastasewerte im Ejakulat. Die semiquantitative Leukozytenzählung in gefärbten Ejakulatausstrichen erwies sich als die am wenigsten sensitive Methode zur Verifizierung eines Entzündungsprozesses. An Hand des Keimspektrums wurden als Ursache der chronischen Prostatitis vorwiegend Enterokokken (55,3%), Mykoplasmen (18,8%), undEscherichia coli (16,5%) gefunden. Die Keimzahlen der gefundenen Mikroorganismen schwanken bei den C3-positiven, wie C3-negativen Ejakulaten zwischen 102 bis über 105, wobei eine Korrelation der Keimzahl mit dem Stärkegrad der Entzündung nicht zu finden war. Die Ergebnisse belegen deshalb die Wichtigkeit einer umfangreichen bakteriologischen Untersuchung sowie die Bestimmung von wenigstens drei Entzündungsparametern — wie Komplement C 3, Coeruloplasmin und Leukozytenelastase.
    Notes: Summary The clinical differential diagnosis of chronic prostatitis and psycho-vegetative urogenital syndrome with objective laboratory tests is very difficult. 265 ejaculates with possible chronic prostatitis were bacteriologically examined (including the search for STD agents). To verify an inflammatory process in the prostate and adnexae, we tested the C3 complement, coeruloplasmin and PMN-elastase levels in ejaculate. In addition, semiquantitative leucocyte counts in stained smears of the ejaculate were carried out. 185 of 265 patients had C3 complement below detection levels or in the normal range excluding inflammation of prostate or adnexae. 16.8% of the C3-negative ejaculates showed an elevated PMN-elastase level associated with urethritis anterior and/or posterior caused by STD agents. 80 patients showed elevated C3 levels; 38.8% with elevated coeruloplasmin and PMN-elastase levels. The semiquantitative leucocyte count in the stained smear proved the least sensitive method for verifying an inflammation. Enterococci (55.3%), Mycoplasma (18.8%) andEscherichia coli (16.5) were the dominant pathogens of chronic prostatitis present in number of 102 cfu/ml or 〉 105 cfu/ml. A correlation to the intensity of the inflammation was not found. These results show how important it is to realise a complete bacteriological examination as well as to determine the C3 complement, coeruloplasmin and PMN elastase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die kombinierte Analyse der Wirksamkeit von Cefodizim (CDZ) bei Infektionen der oberen Harnwege und komplizierten Infektionen der unteren Harnwege anhand von fünf klinischen Prüfungen umfaßte folgende Dosierungen: CDZ 1 g/d i.m., 1 × 2 g/d i.v. oder i.m. und 2 × 2 g/d i.v., Vergleichssubstanzen: Cefuroxim 3 × 1,5 g, Ceftizoxim 1 × 2 g. Die Behandlungsdauer betrug im Median sieben Tage. Fünfhundertvierundvierzig Patienten wurden in die klinischen Prüfungen aufgenommen, bei 61% davon bestand eine Infektion der oberen Harnwege. Vierhundertzweiundzwanzig Patienten waren klinisch auswertbar, 375 bakteriologisch. Die häufigsten Keime wareEscherichia coli, gefolgt vonProteus mirabilis, Klebsiella spp. undStaphylococcus aureus. Sowohl die klinischen als auch die bakteriologischen Heilungsquoten lagen in allen Dosisgruppen über 90%. Die empfohlene Dosis von CDZ bei Infektionen der oberen Harnwege und bei komplizierten Infektionen der unteren Harnwege beträgt 1 × 2 g/d.
    Notes: Summary The efficacy of cefodizime (CDZ) in upper urinary tract infections (UUTI) and complicated lower urinary tract infections (LUTI) was assessed by analysis of the combined results of five clinical trials. Doses of CDZ 1g i.m. daily, 1 × 2 g i.v. or i.m. and 2 × 2 g i.v. were investigated; comparative agents were cefuroxime 3 × 1.5 g and ceftizoxime 1 × 2 g. Median duration of treatment was seven days. A total of 544 patients, 61% of whom had UUTI, entered the studies. Four hundred twenty-two patients were evaluable clinically and 375 bacteriologically. The most frequent pathogen at baseline wasEscherichia coli, followed byProteus mirabilis, Klebsiella spp. andStaphylococcus aureus. Both clinical and bacteriological cure rates were above 90% in all study groups. The dosage of 1 × 2 g CDZ is recommended for the treatment of UUTI and complicated LUTI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 377 (1992), S. 204-204 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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