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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Endothelial Cells from Human Fetal Brain Microvessels May Be Cholinoceptive, but Do Not Synthesize Acetylcholine (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 56 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Brain homogenate, cerebral microvessels, and endothelial cells (ECs) were prepared from 15–18-week-old human fetuses and analyzed biochemically for the presence of elements of the cholinergic system [acetylcholinesterase (AChE), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and butyrylcholinesterase]. The ECs were cultured, and their purity was checked by light microscopic immunohistochemistry with the application of anti-human factor VIII and glial fibrillary acidic protein. The highest activity of ChAT was found in the brain homogenate and the lowest in the microvessel fraction. No ChAT activity could be detected in the cultured ECs, despite the presence of high AChE activity. It is suggested that human brain ECs may be under the control of acetylcholine released from cholinergic nerve terminals but that the cells do not produce the transmitter itself. In coculture experiments, when ECs were plated on the upper surface of a polycarbonate filter and glial cells were seeded on the lower surface, the electric resistance was measured. During the culture period, the resistance first increased up to 5 days in vitro (297 ± 17 ohm·cm2) but later gradually declined. These results demonstrate that human ECs cocultured with glial cells provide a useful model for study of the function of the blood-brain barrier in vitro.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb03478.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resiniferatoxin (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 632 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb33161.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cerebral ischemia induces transient intracellular redistribution and intranuclear translocation of the raf proto-oncogene product in hippocampal pyramidal cells (1991)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 84 (1991), S. 403-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebral ischemia ; Hippocampus ; Raf proto-oncogene family ; Raf protein kinase ; Intracellular translocation ; Astrocyte ; Cell nucleus ; Mongolian gerbil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this report we describe changes in the intracellular redistribution of raf serine/threonine protein kinase (product of the raf proto-oncogene family) in hippocampal neurons following cerebral ischemia in Mongolian gerbils. For immunohistochemical localization studies polyclonal antisera specific for each of the A, B, and Raf-1 isotypes of raf, as well as a pan-raf antisera, were employed. Of these, only sera recognizing B-raf, as well as the general v-raf (raised against the conserved C-terminal region) were positive, indicating that B-raf is the major isotype in this neuronal region. Three different ischemie models were used (repeated 3 times for two min and single 5 or 15 min occlusions, of the common carotid arteries) to demonstrate that ischemie insult causes redistribution of raf protein kinase into the cell nucleus of hippocampal neurons. Increased amounts of raf protein in the nuclei of pyramidal cells following ischemia was confirmed by Western blot analysis of isolated nuclear fractionations. Moreover, an elevation in the level of nuclear raf protein also was detected in the contralateral (i.e. non-occluded hemisphere) neurons of CA1 and CA3 subfields 4 days after the ischemie insult indicating a possible transsynaptic increase in the amount of raf protein along with redistribution. The intranuclear translocation of the immunoreactive material started from the perinucleolar rim and with time extended throughout the nucleus. Enhanced levels and altered redistribution of the raf polypeptide in the nuclei of pyramidal cells of the CA3 subfleld appears to be reversible and returns to the normal level 12 days following the ischemic insult. In addition to triggering the above changes in the intracellular redistribution of raf, ischemie insult also caused an increase in the level of B-raf protein in reactive astrocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231462
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modulation by GABA of neuroplasticity in the central and peripheral nervous system (1993)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 18 (1993), S. 453-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Autonomic nervous system ; central nervous system ; GABAergic innervation ; trophic effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Apart from being a prominent (inhibitory) neurotransmitter that is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous system, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has turned out to exert trophic actions. In this manner GABA may modulate the neuroplastic capacity of neurons and neuron-like cells under various conditions in situ and in vitro. In the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of adult rat, GABA induces the formation of free postsynaptic-like densities on the dendrites of principal neurons and enables implanted foreign (cholinergic) nerves to establish functional synaptic contacts, even while preexisting connections of the preganglionic axons persist. Apart from postsynaptic effects, GABA inhibits acetylcholine release from preganglionic nerve terminals and changes, at least transiently, the neurochemical markers of cholinergic innervation (acetylcholinesterase and nicotinic receptors). In murine neuroblastoma cells in vitro, GABA induces electron microscopic changes, which are similar in principle to those seen in the SCG. Both neuroplastic effects of GABA, in situ and in vitro, could be mimicked by sodium bromide, a hyperpolarizing agent. In addition, evidence is available that GABA via A- and/or B-receptors may exert direct trophic actions. The regulation of both types of trophic actions (direct, receptor-mediated vs. indirect, bioelectric activity dependent) is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00967249
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An unbiased estimation of the total number of synapses in the superior cervical ganglion of adult rats established by the disector method. Lack of change after long-lasting sodium bromide administration (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 19 (1990), S. 443-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous physiological and morphological studies suggested that sodium bromide promotes synaptogenesis of implanted cholinergic nerves in the superior cervical ganglion of adult rats. To check whether sodium bromide also modifies synaptic numbers in the intact ganglion, quantitative electron microscopy was used to determine the total number of synaptic junctions in the superior cervical ganglion of adult rats. Untreated controls were compared with animals which drank water containing 280 mg ml−1 sodium bromide for 7 days. The disector method, an unbiased estimator of volume density of certain particles, has been adapted to this particular case. To accomplish the task, an on-line counting procedure was developed, which permitted the efficient adaptation of the disector method for the superior cervical ganglion, in which the synapses are known to be distributed sparsely. Three pairs of (control and treated) ganglia have been completely processed by three independent examiners. The estimated number of synapses in the ganglia ranged from 4 to 8 million while the volumes of the ganglia varied from 0.65 to 0.90 mm3. Evaluation of the results showed that variations in the total number of synapses were in each case proportional to differences in ganglionic volumes. This suggests that: (1) sodium bromide does not lead to changes in density of intrinsic synapses; and (2) the morphogenetic action of sodium bromide on principal ganglion cells previously described is essentially postsynaptic and requires additional presynaptic elements to increase the number of synapses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01257235
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structures with GABA-like and GAD-like immunoreactivity in the cervical sympathetic ganglion complex of adult rats (1990)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 262 (1990), S. 351-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Autonomic nervous system ; GABA-immunocytochemistry ; GAD-immunocytochemistry ; GABAergic neurons ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley, Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-like and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)-like immunoreactivity was studied in the cervical sympathetic ganglion complex of rats, including the intermediate and inferior cervical ganglia and the uppermost thoracic ganglion. GABA-positive axons may enter the ganglion complex via its caudal end. Others apparently arise from small GABA-positive cell bodies which are scattered among principal neurons, within clusters of SIF cells and in bundles of GABA-negative axons. The majority of these cells is located in the lower half of the ganglion complex. Principal neurons did not react with antibodies against GABA or GAD. An unevenly distributed meshwork of GABA-immunoreactive axons was seen in each of the ganglia. Immunoreactive axons formed numerous varicosities. Some of them were aggregated in a basket-like form around a subpopulation of GABA-negative principal ganglion cell bodies. Electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry revealed that GABA-positive nerve fibers establish asymmetric synaptic junctions with dendritic and somatic spines of principal neurons, whereas postsynaptic densities are inconspicous or absent on dendritic shafts and somata. The results suggest that in the cervical sympathetic ganglion complex principal neurons are not GABAergic, but are innervated by axons which react with both antibodies against GAD and/ or GABA antibodies and originate from a subpopulation of small neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309890
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