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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 152 (1993), S. 452-454 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Infant Nutrition ; Faecal excretion ; Gastro-intestinal passage time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Data on normal defaecation patterns in relation to diet during the first months of infancy are very limited. We therefore investigated in a prospective study faecal weight and gastro-intestinal passage time of breast fed (n=12) and formula fed (n=14) male infants. These were studied in 72 h collecting periods at the age of 17, 35, 57, 87 and 113 (±4) days. Breast fed infants had a significantly lower daily dry faecal weight than formula fed infants in all periods investigated (median at the age of 113 days: 0.28 (0.17–0.75) g/kg and 0.81 (0.22–1.2) g/kg, respectively). Breast fed infants showed a large variation of gastro-intestinal passage time (6.79 h [range: 1.79–13.38 h] at the age of 17 days, 21.84 h [range: 5.41–75 h] at the age of 113 days). Comparable values of formula red infants were 13.75 h (range: 7.13–35.25 h) and 17.42 h (range: 5.38–36.5 h). Despite the efforts of approximation of infant formula to breast milk, differences of defaecation patterns in relation to diet are still relevant at this age and have to be considered in clinical practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of inherited metabolic disease 13 (1990), S. 897-905 
    ISSN: 1573-2665
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Knowledge of trace element requirements of infants with phenylketonuria (PKU) fed a semisynthetic diet is limited. Three infants with PKU detected early were studied longitudinally in classical balance studies for 72 h, under domestic conditions, at the ages of 2, 5, 8, 12 and 16 weeks. Iron, copper and manganese concentrations in the diet and faeces were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The median concentrations in the diet (4.8 mg Fe/L, 1.7 mg Cu/L, 0.43 mg Mn/L) exceed those in human milk. This is mainly due to supplementation of the amino acid preparation used. The increased intake led to a significantly higher daily retention of Cu and Mn from the PKU-diet fed, with a median of 0.17 mg Cu/kg and 6.4 µg Mn/kg body weight; the median retention of Fe was 0.24 mg Fe/kg. Our results confirmed the doubts about the suitability of the present trace element supplementation in formula for infants with PKU during the first four months of life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 21 (1990), S. 235-241 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Risk of Hot Cracking during Electron Beam Welding of Metastable Austenitic SteelsElectron beam welding of austenitic steels is an economic process for joining heavy section structures. Beside the technological advantages as there are low weld distortion, small shrinkage ratio and deep weld effect resulting from the concentrated heat input several problems arise when a metastable austenitic steel is electron beam welded. The high cooling rate may lead to a primary austenitic solidification of the weld pool increasing the risk of hot cracking.Therefore investigations in electron beam welding with the tulip-shape seam technology were carried out. The results show that the primary austenitic solidification and in consequence the risk of hot cracking can effectively be interfered by the addition of ferrite forming elements. With regard to industrial application an additional alloying wire filler offers itself to be a suitable procedure.
    Notes: Das Elektronenstrahl-Schweißen austenitischer Werkstoffe bietet sich als wirtschaftliches Verfahren zum Fügen dickwandiger Bauteile an. Neben den technologischen Vorteilen, wie geringer Verzug, kleine Schrumpfbeträge, Tiefschweißeffekt, infolge der konzentrierten Wärmeeinbringung, existieren beim Elektronenstrahl-Schweißen metastabiler austenitischer Werkstoffe Probleme, da die Schmelze aufgrund der hohen Abkühlgeschwindigkeiten primär austenitisch erstarren kann, wobei sich die Gefahr einer Heißrißentstehung erhöht.Diesbezügliche Untersuchungen beim Elektronenstrahl-Schweißen nach der Tulpennahttechnik ergaben, daß der primär austenitischen Erstarrung und damit der Heißrißgefahr über die Zugabe ferritbildender Elemente wirksam entgegengewirkt werden kann. Hierzu bietet sich im Hinblick auf einen industriellen Einsatz das Zulegieren mit drahtförmigen Zusätzen an.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 21 (1990), S. 464-471 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Cathode Deterioration During Electron Beam Welding In industrial practice, the integration of electron beam welding units into production lines requires the monitoring of a great number of main process parameters in order to provide for constant seam quality and undisturbed process behaviour. However, in these monitoring systems the condition of the cathode is generally not taken into consideration.Due to ion bombardement and partial evaporation of the cathode material, the emitting surface will be damaged resulting in a changed emission behaviour. In a further step, the cathode will break down, causing an unpredictable interruption of the weld process.The knowledge of the effective damage mechanisms is a basic assumption to forecast the life time of tungstencathodes resulting in an increase of process security. The level of the cathode damage is determined by means of SEM analyses after a defined operating time. The investigations show that the life time of tungstencathodes mainly depends on the welding material. For example, the life time of cathodes used for welding aluminium will be 4 hours only, while 9 hours can be achieved in welding steel.
    Notes: Die Integration von Elektronenstrahl(EB)-schweißanlagen in Fertigungsanlagen erfordert in der industriellen Praxis im Hinblick auf eine gleichbleibende Nahtqualität-sowie einen störungsfreien Prozeßablauf die Überwachung einer Vielzahl der Prozeßbestimmenden Parameter. Der Betriebszustand der Kathode ist dagegen bisher weitgehend unberücksichtigt geblieben.Aufgrund von Ionenbeschuß und Verdampfen des Kathodenwerkstoffs während des Betriebs wird die Emissionsfläche der Kathode soweit geschädigt, daä sie zunächst ein verändertes Emissionsvermögen aufweist, bevor sie im weiteren Verlauf ausfällt. Letzteres hat zur Folge, daß der Schweißprozeß unvorhersehbar unterbrochen und eine kontinuierliche Fertigung gestört wird.Voraussetzung für eine Lebensdauervorhersage von Wolfram Bandkathoden, die zum Ziel hat, die Prozeßsicherheit zu erhöhen, ist die Kenntnis der wirksamen Schädigungsmechanismen. In Standzeitversuchen wird der Schädigungsgrad der kathoden anhand von rasterelektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchungen ermittelt. Diese haben gezeigt, daß die Lebensdauer von Wolfram Bandkathoden in starkem Maße von dem zu schweißenden Werkstoff abhängig ist. So weisen Kathoden beim Schweißen von Aluminium aufgrund des erhöhten Ionenstroms im Vergleich zu Stahl (ungefähr 9 Stunden) nur eine Lebensdauer von etwa 4 Stunden auf.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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