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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Golgi-like demonstration of “dark” neurons with an argyrophil III method for experimental neuropathology (1990)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 79 (1990), S. 620-628 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: “Dark” neurons ; Silver staining ; Golgi-like demonstration ; In vivo induction ; Experimental neuropathology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A silver method is proposed for the selective, well-contrasted and reproducible demonstration of “dark” neurons in frozen, vibratome and paraffin sections cut at a thickness of 5 to 200 μm from aldehyde-fixed brains. The Golgi-like staining of the dendrites enables asorting of “dark” neurons according to characteristic neuron classifications. The staining procedure includes an esterification with 1-propanol, a treatment with diluted acetic acid and development. The esterification strongly increases the argyrophilia of both “dark” neurons and mitochondria. Unwanted co-staining of mitochondria is suppressed by the acetic acid treatment, while a special developer is used to render the staining controllable. The applicability of the method to experimental neuropathology is demonstrated by Golgi-like staining of “dark” neurons in rat brains exposed, before transcardial perfusion-fixation and delayed autopsy, to various pathological conditions including ischemia, hypoglycemia, trauma, status epilepticus, deafferentation and poisoning with kainic acid, colchicine and sodium azide, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294239
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Releasable GABA in tubular epithelium of rat kidney (1991)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 47 (1991), S. 227-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Kidney ; gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ; immunocytochemistry ; release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the rat kidney was examined by immunocytochemical techniques. GABA-like immunoreactivity (GABA-LI) was predominantly confined to the renal tubules, including the ascending parts of the distal tubules, and the loops of Henle, the collecting tubules and ducts, and the connective parts of the convoluted tubules. In GABA-positive cortical tubules, about half of the epithelial cells were labelled. The labelled cell type showed the ultrastructural features of principal cells. Depolarizing stimulation by ouabain and high K+ concentration evoked the efflux of endogenous GABA from kidney slices. The present findings, along with previous results, suggest that GABA released from renal tubular epithelium, and transported with the urine, might be involved in the modulation of contractility in the urinary tract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01958142
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Are there cholinergic through-fibers in the superior cervical ganglion of the mouse? (1991)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 96 (1991), S. 261-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry was used to detect the presence and distribution of cholinergic through-fibers in the superior cervical ganglion of adult mice. The results revealed a great number of choline acetyltransferase-positive axons in the cervical sympathetic trunk and the varicose terminal axons involved in the innervation of the principal ganglionic cells within the ganglion. Immunostained axons were scarce or absent in the external or internal carotid nerves. The immunocytochemical results argue against the physiological importance of cholinergic through-fibers in the postganglionic nerves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00271545
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structures with GABA-like and GAD-like immunoreactivity in the cervical sympathetic ganglion complex of adult rats (1990)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 262 (1990), S. 351-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Autonomic nervous system ; GABA-immunocytochemistry ; GAD-immunocytochemistry ; GABAergic neurons ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley, Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-like and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)-like immunoreactivity was studied in the cervical sympathetic ganglion complex of rats, including the intermediate and inferior cervical ganglia and the uppermost thoracic ganglion. GABA-positive axons may enter the ganglion complex via its caudal end. Others apparently arise from small GABA-positive cell bodies which are scattered among principal neurons, within clusters of SIF cells and in bundles of GABA-negative axons. The majority of these cells is located in the lower half of the ganglion complex. Principal neurons did not react with antibodies against GABA or GAD. An unevenly distributed meshwork of GABA-immunoreactive axons was seen in each of the ganglia. Immunoreactive axons formed numerous varicosities. Some of them were aggregated in a basket-like form around a subpopulation of GABA-negative principal ganglion cell bodies. Electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry revealed that GABA-positive nerve fibers establish asymmetric synaptic junctions with dendritic and somatic spines of principal neurons, whereas postsynaptic densities are inconspicous or absent on dendritic shafts and somata. The results suggest that in the cervical sympathetic ganglion complex principal neurons are not GABAergic, but are innervated by axons which react with both antibodies against GAD and/ or GABA antibodies and originate from a subpopulation of small neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309890
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cholinergic innervation of the mouse superior cervical ganglion: light-and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry for choline acetyltransferase (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 151-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Autonomic nervous system ; Superior cervical ganglion ; Choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry ; Cholinergic synapses ; Mouse (Swiss albino)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cholinergic innervation of the mouse superior cervical ganglion was investigated by means of immunocytochemistry using a well-characterized monoclonal antibody against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Immunopositive nerve fibers entered the superior cervical ganglion from the cervical sympathetic trunk. Light-microscopically, these fibers appeared to be heterogeneously distributed among the principal ganglion cells. The rostral part of the ganglion contained more ChAT-positive fibers then the middle or the caudal one. The axons branched several times before forming numerous varicosities. Most of the ChAT-stained fibers and varicosities aggregated in glomerula-like neuropil structures that were surrounded by principal ganglion cell bodies, whereas others were isolated or formed little bundles among principal neurons. None of the neurons or other cell types in the ganglion exhibited ChAT-positivity. ChAT-immunoreactive fibers disappeared from the ganglion 5 or 13 days after transection of the cervical sympathetic trunk. At the ultrastructural level, most axon terminals and synapses showed ChAT-immunoreactivity. An ultrastructural analysis indicated that immunostained synapses occurred directly on the surface of neuronal soma (1.8%) and dendritic shafts (17.6%). Synapses were often seen on soma spines (18.4%) and on dendritic spines (62.2%). All immunoreactive synapses were of the asymmetric type. The results provide immunocytochemical evidence for a heterogeneous cholinergic innervation of the ganglion and the principal neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318149
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An unbiased estimation of the total number of synapses in the superior cervical ganglion of adult rats established by the disector method. Lack of change after long-lasting sodium bromide administration (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 19 (1990), S. 443-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous physiological and morphological studies suggested that sodium bromide promotes synaptogenesis of implanted cholinergic nerves in the superior cervical ganglion of adult rats. To check whether sodium bromide also modifies synaptic numbers in the intact ganglion, quantitative electron microscopy was used to determine the total number of synaptic junctions in the superior cervical ganglion of adult rats. Untreated controls were compared with animals which drank water containing 280 mg ml−1 sodium bromide for 7 days. The disector method, an unbiased estimator of volume density of certain particles, has been adapted to this particular case. To accomplish the task, an on-line counting procedure was developed, which permitted the efficient adaptation of the disector method for the superior cervical ganglion, in which the synapses are known to be distributed sparsely. Three pairs of (control and treated) ganglia have been completely processed by three independent examiners. The estimated number of synapses in the ganglia ranged from 4 to 8 million while the volumes of the ganglia varied from 0.65 to 0.90 mm3. Evaluation of the results showed that variations in the total number of synapses were in each case proportional to differences in ganglionic volumes. This suggests that: (1) sodium bromide does not lead to changes in density of intrinsic synapses; and (2) the morphogenetic action of sodium bromide on principal ganglion cells previously described is essentially postsynaptic and requires additional presynaptic elements to increase the number of synapses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01257235
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modulation by GABA of neuroplasticity in the central and peripheral nervous system (1993)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 18 (1993), S. 453-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Autonomic nervous system ; central nervous system ; GABAergic innervation ; trophic effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Apart from being a prominent (inhibitory) neurotransmitter that is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous system, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has turned out to exert trophic actions. In this manner GABA may modulate the neuroplastic capacity of neurons and neuron-like cells under various conditions in situ and in vitro. In the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of adult rat, GABA induces the formation of free postsynaptic-like densities on the dendrites of principal neurons and enables implanted foreign (cholinergic) nerves to establish functional synaptic contacts, even while preexisting connections of the preganglionic axons persist. Apart from postsynaptic effects, GABA inhibits acetylcholine release from preganglionic nerve terminals and changes, at least transiently, the neurochemical markers of cholinergic innervation (acetylcholinesterase and nicotinic receptors). In murine neuroblastoma cells in vitro, GABA induces electron microscopic changes, which are similar in principle to those seen in the SCG. Both neuroplastic effects of GABA, in situ and in vitro, could be mimicked by sodium bromide, a hyperpolarizing agent. In addition, evidence is available that GABA via A- and/or B-receptors may exert direct trophic actions. The regulation of both types of trophic actions (direct, receptor-mediated vs. indirect, bioelectric activity dependent) is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00967249
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