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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 257 (1975), S. 134-135 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] We incubated 1,2-14C-VC with rat liver microsomes and an NADPH-regenerating system (isocitrate and isocitric dehydro-genase). Preparation of microsomes and the incubation mixture followed standard procedures6. The incubation vessels were connected to an all-glass system containing the radioactive ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 281 (1989), S. 491-494 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Epidermal keratinocytes ; Laser light ; Hematoporphyrin derivatives ; Lipid peroxidation ; Lysosomal enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Human epidermal keratinocytes were grown in culture and the uptake of hematoporphyrin derivatives (HPDs) used in photodynamic therapy was estimated. Keratinocytes loaded with HPDs were irradiated with laser light of 632 nm generated by a helium-neon laser and cell toxicity was determined by the trypan blue exclusion test and the measurement of enzyme release. With increasing intracellular concentration of HPDs and with increasing intensity of the laser light, an increasing number of cells took up trypan blue and released the cytosolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase and the lysosomal enzyme acid phosphatase after 1 h incubation of the irradiated cells at 37°C. Cytotoxicity was less pronounced when the irradiated cells were incubated at 0°C indicating the involvement of enzyme reactions in cell death. No lipid peroxidation as measured by malondialdehyde and ethane formation was detectable. Our results suggest that during photodynamic therapy with HPDs and laser light epidermal keratinocytes may be seriously damaged. The data indicate that not lipid peroxidation but rather the activation of lysosomal enzymes is responsible for the cytotoxicity observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 39 (1977), S. 27-32 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Vinyl chloride ; Distribution in organs ; Inhibiton of vinyl chloride metabolism ; Vinylchlorid ; Gewebsverteilung ; Inhibition des Vinylchlorid-Stoffwechsels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wird Vinylchlorid aus der Atmosphere eingeatmet, so stellt sich ein Gleichgewicht zwischen dem Vinylchlorid in der Luft und dem Organismus ein. In erster Linie reichert sich nicht metabolisiertes Vinylchlorid im Fettgewebe an. Für dieses Verteilungsverhalten dürfte die Lipophilie des Vinylchlorid Ausschlag gebend sein. Das Konzentrationsverhältnis von Vinylchlorid in einzelnen Organen bleibt über den gesamten untersuchten Konzentrationsbereich von 25 his 10.000 ppm Vinylchlorid in der Expositionsatmosphäre konstant. Aus dem Gleichgewicht wird Vinylchlorid dem Metabolismus zugeführt. Metabolite reichern sich, im Gegensatz zum unveränderten Vinylchlorid, vor allem in Leber und Niere an.
    Notes: Summary Rats have been pretieatet with 6-nitro-1.2.3-benzothiadiazole which completely blocks metabolism of vinyl chloride. If the animals are exposed to atmospheric vinyl chloride, formation of an equilibrium between the compound in the gas phase and in the animal's orgnism is observed. Unmetabolized vinyl chloride is concentrated in adipose tissue. The distribution pattern of vinyl chloride in different organs of the rat is constant over the concentration range of 25–10,000 ppm of vinyl chloride in the exposure atmosphere. Distribution of metabolites of vinyl chloride contrasts to that of the original compound; metabolites primarily are concentrated in liver and in kidneys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 8 (1975), S. 301-307 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Rifampicin ; enzyme induction ; oral contraceptives ; 17α-ethinyloestradiol ; oestradiol ; cytochrome P-450
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Liver biopsies were obtained from four patients treated with rifampicin 600 mg for 6–10 days. Hepatic microsomes were incubated with an NADPH-regenerating system and the substrates [2, 4, 6, 7--3H] oestradiol, [6, 7-3H] oestradiol, [2, 4, 6, 7-3H] ethinyloestradiol and [6, 7-3H] ethinyloestradiol. The hydroxylation rates of these steroids at the labelled positions of rings A and B were determined by measuring the transformation of tritium into HTO by the microsomal enzymes. Comparison with previously published data showed that treatment with rifampicin caused a fourfold increase in the rate of hydroxylation of oestradiol and ethinyloestradiol at positions C-2/C-4 of ring A and C-6/C-7 of ring B. The acceleration of oestrogen hydroxylation by rifampicin was paralleled by an increase in microsomal cytochrome P-450, and also by microsomal reduction of rifampicin-quinone, a reactive metabolite of rifampicin. The increased aromatic hydroxylation of oestradiol and ethinyloestradiol leads to enhancement of their irreversible binding to microsomal protein. The data provide an explanation for the diminished efficacy of oestrogens in contraceptive formulations given to patients under treatment with rifampicin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 39 (1977), S. 31-39 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Catechols ; Isoproterenol ; Ethinyloestradiol ; Covalent protein binding ; Reactive metabolites ; Rat liver microsomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wenn Ratten mit 14 μg/kg 3H-Isoproterenol behandelt wurden, konnte bis 48 h danach in der Leber 3H-Radioaktivität gemessen werden. Diese Menge war nicht unterschiedlich in Lebern von Tieren, welche mit Diäthylmaleat vorbehandelt waren. Nach erschöpfender Extraktion konnte eine beträchtliche Menge an 3H-Radioaktivität aus Isoproterenol in den Proteinen von Gesamtleber (Homogenat), Cytosol und von Mikrosomen gefunden werden. In der Cytosolfraktion von Diäthylmaleat vorbehandelten Tieren wurde die zweifache Menge von Isoproterenol-Radioaktivität in den extrahierten Proteinen gefunden, im Vergleich zu Kontrollen. In der mikrosomalen Fraktion gab es keinen Unterschied bei der Radioaktivitätsmenge, die in Proteine eingebaut war. In allen Fraktionen nahm die Radioaktivität, die in den extrahierten Proteinen meßbar war, mit einer Halbwertszeit von etwa 24 h ab. Die in vivo-Ergebnisse über kovalente Proteinbindung von Isoproterenol werden verglichen mit der irreversiblen Proteinbindung von Äthinylöstradiol in vivo. Quantitativ werden diese in vivo-Befunde mit den Resultaten zur irreversiblen Proteinbindung verglichen, die während Inkubationen von Isoproterenol oder Äthinylöstradiol mit Rattenlebermikrosomen erhalten wurden.
    Notes: Abstract When rats were dosed with 14 μg/kg 3H-isoproterenol, 3H-radioactivity was measurable in the liver until 48 h. This amount was not different in livers of animals which have been pretreated with diethyl maleate. After exhaustive extraction, a significant amount of 3H-radioactivity from isoproterenol could be detected in the proteins of total liver (homogenate), of cytosol and of microsomes. In the cytosol fraction of diethyl maleate pretreated animals twice the amount of isoproterenol-radioactivity was found in the extracted proteins compared to controls. In the microsomal fraction there was no difference between diethyl maleate pretreated and control animals in the amount of radioactivity incorporated into proteins. In all fractions the radioactivity measurable in the extracted proteins declined with a half life time of about 24 h. The in vivo results on covalent binding of isoproterenol are compared to the irreversible protein binding of ethinyloestradiol in vivo. Quantitatively, these in vivo data are compared to the results on irreversible protein binding obtained during incubations of isoproterenol or ethinyloestradiol with rat liver microsomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 60 (1987), S. 144-149 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Redox cycling ; Oxygen radicals ; Lipid peroxidation ; DNA damage ; Protein alteration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The toxic effects of compounds which undergo redox cycling via enzymatic one-electron reduction are reviewed. First of all, the enzymatic reduction of these compounds leads to reactive intermediates, mainly radicals which react with oxygen, whereby superoxide anion radicals are formed. Further oxygen metabolites are hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals. The role of these oxygen metabolites in toxicity is discussed. The occurrence of lipid peroxidation during redox cycling of quinonoide compounds, e.g., adriamycin, and the possible relationship to their toxicity is critically evaluated. It is shown that iron ions play a crucial role in lipid peroxidation induced by redox cycling compounds. DNA damage by metal chelates, e.g., bleomycin, is discussed on the basis of findings that enzymatic redox cycling of a bleomycin-iron complex has been observed. The involvement of hydroxyl radicals in bleomycin-induced DNA damage occurring during redox cycling in cell nuclei is claimed. Redox cycling of other substances, e.g., aromatic amines, is discussed in relation to carcinogenesis. Other chemical groups, e.g., nitroaromatic compounds, hydroxylamines and azo compounds are included. Other targets for oxygen radical attack, e.g., proteins, are also dealt with. It is concluded that oxygen radical formation by redox cycling may be a critical event in toxic effects of several compounds if the protective mechanisms of cells are overwhelmed.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Enzymatic lipid peroxidation ; Phospholipids ; Lysophospholipids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Liposomes comprised of liver microsomal phospholipids and radioactive phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine as tracers were incubated with isolated liver microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, NADPH and ADP-EDTA-chelated iron ions, a system which stimulates peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids of phospholipids. Phospholipids and their reaction products were extracted and chromatographed on HPLC. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine considerably decreased after 30 min incubation, depending on the enzyme and NADPH as measured by UV absorbance and radioactivity. However, neither a lysophospholipid peak nor a lysophospholipid-like peak were detectable. We suggest that lysophospholipid formation during microsomal lipid peroxidation is exclusively due to phospholipase A2 and not due to peroxidative breakdown of the unsaturated fatty acid in the β-position of glycerol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 35 (1976), S. 153-162 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Vinylchloride ; 3-Bromophenyl-4(5)-imidazole ; 6-Nitro-1,2,3-benzothiadiazole ; Inhibition of vinyl chloride metabolism ; Induction of vinyl chloride metabolism ; Vinylchlorid ; 3-Bromphenyl-4(5)-imidazol ; 6-Nitro-1,2,3-benzothiadiazol ; Induktion des Vinylchlorid-Stoffwechsels ; Hemmung des Vinylchlorid-Stoffwechsels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einem geschlossenen System wurden Ratten initialen Konzentrationen an [1,2-14C] Vinylchlorid von unter 100 ppm ausgesetzt. Bei einer Besetzung des Systems durch 3 Ratten wurde in der Atmosphäre eine Halbwertszeit des gasförmigen Vinylchlorid von 1,13 ± 0,12 Std gemessen. Bei einem Volumen des Systems von 10,3 l ergab die Berechnung der Vinylchlorid Clearance, daß nur ca. 40% des von den Ratten eingeatmeten Vinylchlorid resorbiert wurde. Aus diesem Grunde führten Änderungen der Atemtätigkeit nicht zu Änderungen der Aufnahmegeschwindigkeit von Vinylchlorid. Durch sehr wirksame Inhibitoren von Cytochrom-P-450-abhängigen mikrosomalen Oxidationen (3-Bromphenyl-4(5)-imidazol und 6-Nitro-1,2,3-benzothiadiazol) konnte die Aufnahme von Vinylchlorid vollständig verhindert werden. SKF 525 A und 5,6-Dimethyl-1,2,3-benzothiadiazol waren in dieser Hinsicht weit weniger wirksam. Durch Vorbehandlung der Ratten mit DDT und, zum geringeren Maße, mit Clotrimazol wurde die Aufnahme von Vinylchlorid gesteigert. Keine signifikante Steigerung trat auf nach Vorbehandlung mit Phenobarbital, 3-Methylcholanthren, Rifampicin und nach chronischer Alkoholgabe. Unmittelbar nach Beendigung der Exposition wurden die höchsten Radioaktivitätswerte in Leber und Niere festgestellt. Die Metabolite von 14C-Vinylchlorid wurden sehr schnell ausgeschieden. Bereits nach 24 Std wurden im Urin 69,4±2,6% der inkorporierten Radioaktivität gemessen.
    Notes: Abstract Rats were exposed to [1,2-14C] vinyl chloride in a closed system at initial concentrations below 100 ppm. When the system was occupied by 3 rats, a half-life of vinyl chloride in the system's atmosphere of 1.13 ± 0.12 h was observed. The volume of the system was 10.3 l. Calculation of the clearance of vinyl chloride from the system revealed that about 40% of inspired vinyl chloride is absorbed by lung. Therefore, changes in respiration did not influence uptake of vinyl chloride. Uptake of vinyl chloride by the rats was completely blocked by acute pretreatment with potent inhibitors of cytochrome-P-450-dependent microsomal drug metabolism (i.e., by 35 mg/kg 3-bromophenyl-4(5)-imidazole or 50 mg/kg 6-nitro-1,2,3-benzothiadiazole in 0.6 ml/kg DMSO). A weaker inhibition was observed after dosing SKF 525 A or 5,6-dimethyl-1,2,3-benzothiadiazole (50 mg/kg in 0.6 ml/kg DMSO). Metyrapone did not cause inhibition. Uptake of vinyl chloride was increased by pretreatment with DDT and, to a lesser extent, with clotrimazol. No significant stimulation of uptake was observed after pretreatment with phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene, rifampicin, or chronic ethanol treatment. Immediately after exposure, highest radioactivity levels were observed in liver and kidney. The radioactive metabolites of 14C-vinyl chloride were rapidly excreted, largely by the kidneys. Excretion of radioactivity in the urine was 69.4 ± 2.6% within 24 h.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 37 (1976), S. 75-80 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Hapten ; Imipramine ; Irreversible protein binding ; Reactive metabolites ; Hapten ; Imipramin ; Irreversible Proteinbindung ; Reaktive Metabolite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Achtundvierzig Stunden nach einer einzelnen Gabe von 14C-Imipramin an Ratten konnte 14C-Radioaktivität in folgenden Organen gemessen werden: Leber 〉 Niere 〉 Serum 〉 Fett 〉 Milz 〉 Dünndarm 〉 Lunge 〉 Muskel und Gehirn. Die Lebermikrosomen enthielten den größten Anteil an Imipramin-Radioaktivität. Nach erschöpfender Extraktion enthielten nur die Proteine von Leber, Niere, Milz, Lunge und Serum meßbare Mengen radioaktiver Markierung. Die größte Menge 14C-Imipramin, welches irreversibel an Proteine gebunden war, wurde in Lebermikrosomen gefunden. Die Frage, ob die irreversible Bindung von Imipramin an Proteine zu toxischen Nebenwirkungen führt, wenn sie während der Therapie auftritt, wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract Forty-eight hours after a single dose of 14C-imipramine to rats, 14C-radioactivity could be measured in the following organs: liver 〉 kidney 〉 serum 〉 fat 〉 spleen 〉 duodenum 〉 lung 〉 muscle and brain. Liver microsomes contained the main part of radioactivity derived from 14C-imipramine. After exhaustive extraction, only the proteins of liver, kidney, spleen, lung and serum contained measurable amounts of radioactive labeling. The greatest amount of 14C-imipramine irreversibly bound to proteins was detected in liver microsomes. The question, as to whether the irreversible protein binding of imipramine, if it occurs during therapy, results in toxic side-effects, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 60 (1987), S. 150-153 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Bleomycin ; Redox cycling ; Hydroxyl radical ; DNA damage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aerobic incubations of bleomycin, FeCl3, DNA, NADPH, and isolated liver microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase resulted in NADPH and oxygen consumption and malondialdehyde formation, indicating that the deoxyribose moiety of DNA was split. All parameters measured depended on the active enzyme, bleomycin and FeCl3. In the absence of oxygen malondialdehyde formation was very low. When bleomycin, FeCl3 and the reductase were incubated with methional ethene (ethylene) was formed, suggesting that during the enzyme-catalyzed redox cycle of bleomycin-Fe(III/II) hydroxyl radicals were formed. Ethene formation also depended on oxygen, NADPH, the enzyme, bleomycin, and FeCl3. During aerobic incubations of bleomycin, FeCl3, NADPH, and isolated liver nuclei oxygen and NADPH were consumed and malondialdehyde was formed. Oxygen and NADPH consumption and malondialdehyde formation depended on bleomycin and FeCl3. In the absence of oxygen malondialdehyde was not formed. These results indicate that nuclear NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase redox cycles the bleomycin-Fe(III/II) complex and that the reduced complex activates oxygen, whereby hydroxyl radicals are formed which damage the deoxyribose of nuclear DNA.
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