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  • 1985-1989  (15)
  • 1960-1964  (4)
  • 1905-1909
  • Organic Chemistry  (17)
  • Choristoneura fumiferana  (2)
  • Picea glauca  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 52 (1989), S. 205-214 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Spruce budworm ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; food consumption and utilization ; spruce ; Picea glauca ; Picea rubra ; Picea mariana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'auteur a déterminé la quantité d'aliments utilisées, à 22±0,5 °C, par des larves de Tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette parvenues à leur sixième stade de développement qui s'étaient nourries d'un régime artificiel et d'aiguilles de l'année en cours lyophilisées et réduites en poudre, prélevées à deux dates différentes, à 10 jours d'intervalle, et provenant d'épinettes blanchés (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss), d'épinettes rouges (Picea rubra Sarg.) et d'épinettes noires (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.). Les femelles ont invariablement ingéré une quantité significativement plus importante de tous les régimes que les mâles, consommant 24% de plus d'aiguilles d'épinette noire et 73% de plus d'aiguilles d'épinette blanche. Les femelles prenaient en général plus de temps pour parvenir au stade de chrysalide et avaient un taux d'utilisation des aliments significativement plus élevé. L'efficacité nette de la croissance chez les deux sexes ne présentait toutefois aucune différence significative. La performance des larves ayant ingéré des aiguilles provenant de deux classes d'âge différait de façon significative mais non pas uniforme d'un régime à l'autre: les aiguilles d'épinette blanche plus récentes donnaient une performance généralement plus élevée contrairement aux aiguilles plus jeunes d'épinette rouge et d'épinette noire. Les larves ingéraient une quantité significativement plus élevée, avaient un taux de consommation et de croissance supérieur et augmentaient davantage leur biomasse avec des aiguilles d'épinette blanche. L'efficacité d'utilisation des aliments et le taux de croissance relatif étaient de faibles à modérément faibles pour un lépidoptère arboricole phyllophage; la vitesse d'ingestion relative était élevée. La qualité des aiguilles des trois essences d'épinettes était faible. Les aiguilles d'épinette blanche permettaient aux larves d'avoir une performance significativement plus élevée, performance mesurée à partir de plusieurs critères, alors que les aiguilles d'épinette rouge et d'épinette noire donnaient une performance égale. La supériorité des performances obtenues avec l'épinette blanche explique la plus grande vulnérabilité de cette essence à la Tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of tree species, shoot age, and sex of larvae on food consumption and utilization were investigated in a factorial experiment. Diets prepared from lyophilized and powdered current-year shoots, from two age classes (sample dates) of Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, Picea rubra, Sarg., and Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., were evaluated for eight performance criteria. All factors had significant effects on all criteria except for tree species on assimilation efficiency, shoot age on development time, and sex on net growth efficiency. Eight of the possible 24 two-factor interactions and one of the possible eight three-factor interactions were significant. Food utilization efficiencies and relative growth rate were in the low and moderate characterization limits for immature arthropods; relative consumption rates were high. The higher performance values on Picea glauca were related to this species greater vulnerability to spruce budworm. Performance criteria of similar larvae on an artificial diet were compared with those on the foliage-diets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 251-260 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: spruce budworm ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; white spruce ; Picea glauca ; food consumption ; survival ; development time ; artificial diet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De la poudre lyophilysée de pousses de l'année de Picea glauca a été introduite dans le régime de chenilles du 6ème stade de Choristoneura fumiferana: 20% de poudre de pousses, 1.2% de gélifiant, 78.8% d'eau. Il est ainsi possible de déterminer à 2 mg près la quantité d'aliment consommée par chaque chenille, et, ainsi, de calculer, pour chacune, l'indice alimentaire, dont la prise de nourriture est l'une des variables. Avec de tels régimes préparés à partie de pousses recueillies au cours de 1983, on a constaté que la date de nymphose, la quantité consommée, et le poids ultérieur des papillons dépendaient du sexe de la chenille. En général, les chenilles femelles se nymphosent plus tard, consomment plus et donnent des papillons plus lourds (poids sec) que les chenilles mâles. L'efficacité de l'assimilation et celle de la transformation en biomasse de papillon ne différent pas suivant les sexes, c'est-à-dire qu'ils ont la même aptitude à digérer les pousses. Les taux de survie de chenille à nymphe et de nymphe à imago ne différent donc pas. Cependant, certains de ces paramètres et d'autres changent en fonction de l'âge des pousses annuelles. Quand elles ont été récoltées 7 jours après le débourrement (il a lieu le 20 mai), la survie jusqu'en nymphe est de 93% contre 74% de survie totale; avec des pousses récoltées 52 jours après le débourrement (11 juillet) les taux de survie sont respectivement 7% et 1.4%; avec des pousses récoltées 146 jours après le débourrement (13 octobre) les survies sont 71% et 50%. Des pousses récoltées 28 jours ou plus après le débourrement, retardent la date de nymphose de 25% par rapport à celles récoltées entre 7 et 14 après le débourrement; parallèlement, elles abaissent l'efficacité de l'assimilation de 39%, l'efficacité de conversion de la biomasse de 125%, et le poids des papillons de 54%. Ces changements sont liés à une diminution de la teneur en azote des pousses de 2.1% à environ 1% du poids sec. Cependant la corrélation entre la survie des chenilles et la teneur en azote n'est pas rigoureuse et un facteur encore inconnu est supposé responsable de l'augmentation de la mortalité quand les chenilles consomment (dans leur régime) des pousses récoltées début juillet, 52 jours après le débourrement. Les travaux destinés à identifier ce facteur inconnu sont en cours.
    Notes: Abstract Diets prepared from lyophilized and powdered current-year (1983) shoots of white spruce Picea glauca (Moench) Voss were offered to 6th-instar larvae of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). With increasing age of current-year shoots, time to pupation increased whereas survival, assimilation efficiency, efficiency of conversion of diet to moth biomass, and moth dry weight generally decreased. Sex of the larvae influenced amount ingested, time to pupation, and subsequent moth weight but not survival, assimilation efficiency, and efficiency of conversion of diet to moth biomass.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of the reaction (1) between 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (Cy) and a series of Cu(II) complexes CuL (L) = glycolate, malonate, succinate, picolinate, glycinate, iminodiacetate, nitrilotriacetate, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediaminetriacetate, ethyienediamine, 1,3-diaminopropane, diethylenetriamine and N,N-bis(3-aminopropylamine) were studied spectrophotometrically at 25° and I = 0.5 (KNO3). From the analysis of the log kobs/log [L] profiles obtained at different pH values the resolved bimolecular rate constants kCyHnCuLm (Table 3) were obtained by a nonlinear curve-fitting procedure. For nearly all systems studied, the rate constant kCyHCuL, describing the reaction between the 1:1 complex CuL and the monoprotonated form of the macrocycle CyH, was obtained. The nonlinear relationship between log kCyHCuL and log KCuL and its nature is discussed. It is shown that the inverse relationship between reactivity and stability described by others is only a special case of the more general Eqn. 3 described here.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The complexation properties of the open-chain N2S2 ligands 1-4 are described and compared to those of analogous N2S2 macrocycles 5-7. With Cu2+, the open-chain ligands give complexes with the stoichiometry CuL2+ and CuLOH+, the stabilities and absorption spectra of which have been determined. The ligand field exerted by these ligands is relatively constant and independent of the length of the chain. With Cu+, the species CuLH23+, CuLH2+, and CuL+ were identified and their stabilities measured. The redox potentials calculated from the equilibrium constants and measured by cyclic voltammetry agree and lie between 250 and 280 mV against SHE. The comparison between open-chain and cyclic ligands shows that (1) a macrocyclic effect is found for Cu2+ but not for Cu+, (2) the ligand-field strength is very different for the two types of ligands, and (3) the redox potentials span a larger interval for the macrocyclic than for the open-chain complexes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The two tetraazamacrocycle-N,N′,N″,N‴-tetraacetic acids H4dota and H4teta form with Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ (M2+) mononuclear complexes MLH2 and M′[ML], M′ being an alkaline earth ion. The structures of Ni(H2dota) and Cu(H2dota) have been solved by X-ray structure analysis. The metal ions are in a distorted octahedral geometry coordinated by four amino N-atoms and two carboxylates. In the case of Cu2+, the distortions are more pronounced than for Ni2+ indicating that the Jahn-Teller effect is operating. Starting from these two structures, the coordination geometry of the other complexes is discussed using VIS and IR spectra.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The three ligands H4dota, H4teta, and H4heta give binuclear complexes with Cu2+ and Ni2+, the spectral properties of which have been studied. The structures of Cu2(dota)·5H2O and Cu2(teta)·6H2O have been established by X-ray diffraction analysis.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mono-N-substituted azamacrocycles 2-7, containing a carboxyalkyl or carboxyaryl side-chain, are obtained by reacting a five-fold excess of the macrocycle with 1 equiv. of a suitable halogenocarboxylic acid in alkaline aqueous EtOH. For halogenocarboxylic acids, which easily lactonize under alkaline conditions, a variant with the corresponding ester or nitrile as alkylating agent is also described. The salient point of this synthesis lies in the use of an excess of the macrocycle over the alkylating agent, thus reducing the amount of polyalkylation to a minimum, and in the easy separation of the excess of unreacted educt from the aminocarboxylic acid. These new ligands form Ni2+ and Cu2+ complexes, the spectral properties of which have been studied. In the case of the Cu2+ complexes with ligand 2, 3, and 6, a pH-dependent color change is observed. This is explained with an equilibrium between a species, in which the carboxylate group is bound to the metal, and one, in which it is protonated and non-coordinated. In the case of the Ni2+ complexes with the same ligands, only the species with a coordinated carboxylate was observed. In the Cu2+ and Ni2+ complexes with ligands 4 and 5, however, the carboxylate group does not coordinate at all, because of the length or the special structure of the chain.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis of New Aryl (3,6-Dichloro-4-pyridazinyl) Ketones and their Reaction with N,N-DinucleophilesThe synthesis of the new aryl (3,6-dichloro-4-pyridazinyl) ketones 3a-e vïa Friedel-Crafts acylation of the aromatic compounds 2a-e with 3,6-dichloro-4-pyridazincarbonyl chloride (1) is described. The ketones 3a-e cyclized with N,N-dinucleophilic reagents to the 3-aryl-5-chloro-l H -pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridazines 4a-d, and 3a-c are converted into the 3-aryl-5-chloro-l H -pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridazin - l -ethanols 5a-c and to the hitherto unknown ring system of the 5-aryl-3-chloro-7,8-dihydro-9 H -pyridazino[3,4-e][1,4]diazepines (6a-c).
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The X-ray structures of the Cu2+ complexes of 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane derivatives with an ethylpro-pionate and diethylphosphonate group, 5 and 6, respectively, indicate that the metal ion is pentacoordinated by the four N-atoms of the macrocycle and one O-atom. In the case of 5, it is the carbonyl O-atom of the carboxylate group, whereas for 6 it is the phosphonyl O-atom of the phosphonate group. The hydrolysis kinetics of the functional group in the Cu2+ complexes with the 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecanes 3-6 have been measured by pH-stat and stopped-flow techniques. The rate law for the hydrolysis of the carboxylates 3-5 is proportional to the complex concentration and to [OH-] up to pH 13, whereas that of the phosphonate 6 is proportional to [OH-] up to pH 11.5, becoming independent of [OH-] at pH 〉 11.5. The mechanisms of these two reactions are discussed, considering the possibility of an intra- or an intermolecular OH- attack and the results of the X-ray structure analyses.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The potentiometric study of the complexation of 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-l-acetic acid (1) with Cu2+ (I = 0.5 (KNO3), T = 25°) indicates the presence of the species [Cu(1)], [Cu(1)OH], [Cu(1)2], and [(Cu(1))2OH], the stability constants of which are determined. The two complexes [Cu(1)]ClO4 and [(Cu(1)2)OH]ClO4 were also characterized by X-ray structure analysis. In both cases, the Cu2+ ion is in a distorted square-pyramidal arrangement, penta-coordinated by the three N-atoms of the macrocycle, an O-atom of the carboxylate, and an additional O-atom either from a second carboxylate or from an OH-, acting as a bridge between two metal centres.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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