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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 19 (1980), S. 137-152 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden genaue Messungen der Scher-Kriechfunktion im Glas-Kautschuk-Übergangsgebiet in einem ausgedehnten logarithmischen Zeitintervall mit Hilfe eines Torsionspendel- und Kriechautomaten durchgeführt. Untersucht wurden kommerzielles PS, PMMA und PVC sowie zwei leicht vernetzte Kautschuke, NR und PU. Für die drei Kunststoffe wurde das spezifische Volumen als Funktion der Temperatur bei verschiedenen Kühlgeschwindigkeiten bestimmt. Die Scher-Nachgiebigkeit erfüllte das Zeit-Temperatur-Verschiebungsprinzip. Im Temperaturbereich über der Glastemperatur kann die Zeit-Temperatur-Verschiebungsfunktion mit großer Genauigkeit durch die W.L.F.-Gleichung beschrieben werden. Die W.L.F.-Konstantenc 1 undc 2 sind jedoch für die verschiedenen Polymere verschieden und stimmen nicht mit den Universalwerten dieser Konstanten überein. Spezifisches Volumen im gummielastischen Zustand und thermischer Ausdehnungskoeffizient im Glaszustand hängen nicht von der Kühlgeschwindigkeit ab. Spezifisches Volumen im Glaszustand und die Glastemperatur nehmen mit steigender Kühlgeschwindigkeit zu. Die Ergebnisse konnten mit Hilfe einer einfachen Hypothese beschrieben werden, in der das freie Volumen einerseits aus dem spezifischen Volumen definiert wird, das oberhalb der Glastemperatur zusätzlich auftaut, andererseits durch seinen Zusammenhang mit der molekularen Beweglichkeit eingeführt wird (Doolittle-Gleichung). Diese Hypothese enthält drei unabhängige Parameter, nämlich die thermodynamische GlastemperaturT ∞, den Ausdehnungskoeffizienten des relativen freien Volumensα f und den ParameterB der Doolittle-Gleichung. Durch Kombination der Meßresultate können alle drei Parameter bestimmt werden. Wir finden fürB Werte zwischen 0,24 und 0,42 und für das beim Glasübergang eingefrorene relative freie Volumenf g Werte zwischen 0,8 und 1,1%.
    Notes: Summary Accurate measurements of the shear creep compliance in the glass rubber transition region have been performed by means of a combined torsional pendulum and torsional creep apparatus over a broad experimental window for commercial PS, PMMA and PVC and for two slightly crosslinked rubbers, NR and PU. For the three plastic materials, specific volume vs. temperature curves were obtained by volume dilatometry under different rates of cooling. Shear creep compliance was found to obey the time-temperature superposition principle. In the temperature region above the glass transition temperature, the time-temperature shift function could be accurately described by a W.L.F. equation. However, the W.L.F. constantsc 1 andc 2 differed for the different polymers and were different from the universal W.L.F. values. No choice for a reference temperature could be found to make the W.L.F. constants of the different polymers to coincide within experimental scatter. Specific volumes in the rubbery state and the thermal expansion coefficients in the glassy state were found to be independent of rate of cooling. Specific volumes in the glassy state and glass transition temperature both increased with rate of cooling. A simple hypothesis could be used to discuss the results, in which free volume is defined by the excess specific volume above glass transition on the one hand, and by its relation to mobility (the Doolittle equation), on the other. This hypothesis contains three independent parameter values, viz. the “thermodynamic glass transition temperature”T ∞, the thermal expansion coefficient of the free volume fraction,α f, andB of the Doolittle equation. By combining the results of both measurements, all three parameters can be separately determined. Values forB are found between 0.2 and 0.4, values of the fractional free volume frozen at the glass transition are found between 0.8 and 1.1%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 14 (1975), S. 581-590 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Numerische Formeln werden gegeben, die die Berechnung des Spannungsrelaxationsmoduls aus dem dynamischen Modul ermöglichen. In diesen Formeln treten Werte des Speichermoduls und Verlustmoduls auf, die bei logarithmisch äquidistanten Frequenzen gemessen wurden. Das Verhältnis zweier aufeinanderfolgender Frequenzen entspricht stets einem Faktor 2. Für alle Formeln werden obere und untere Schranken für den relativen Fehler abgeleitet. Diese Schranken hängen vom Werte der Dämpfung (tanδ) ab, die bei der Kreisfrequenzω 0 auftritt, für die die Berechnung erfolgt. Die Berechnung des Relaxationsmoduls ist um so einfacher, je niedriger der Wert der Dämpfung ist. Zu dieser Berechnung benötigt man entweder den Wert des Speichermoduls bei der Kreisfrequenzω 0=1/t und die Werte des Verlustmoduls in einem ziemlich engen Frequenzintervall umω 0, oder den Wert des Speichermoduls bei der Kreisfrequenzω 0 und den Wert der logarithmischen Frequenzableitung des Speichermoduls in einem Frequenzintervall umω 0.
    Notes: Summary Numerical formulae are given for calculation of stress relaxation modulus from the known course of the storage and loss modulus with frequency for linear viscoelastic materials. The formulae involve values of the storage modulus and/or loss modulus at frequencies equally spaced on a logarithmic frequency scale, the ratio between successive frequencies beeing two. A method is introduced by which bounds for the relative errors of these formulae can be derived. These bounds depend on the value of the damping, tanδ, at the angular frequency,ω, for which the calculation is made. The less the damping, the simpler the calculation of the stress relaxation modulus. This calculation involves either the value of the storage modulus at a frequencyω 0 = 1/t, and the values of the loss modulus in a rather narrow frequency region aroundω 0, or the value of the storage modulus at frequencyω 0 and the derivative of the storage modulus with respect to the logarithm of frequency in a frequency region aroundω 0.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 277-290 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Dynamic viscometer ; melt rheology ; WLF shift ; network transition ; Cox-Merz rule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A dynamic viscometer of the Couette type is described which permits the determination of storage and loss shear modulus of polymer melts with high accuracy. For a technical polystyrene, results of measurements of storage and loss moduli are reported in the temperature interval between the rubbery plateau and degradation. From these data, the courses of storage and loss compliances and the course of the time-dependent shear compliance are derived and compared with the results of creep measurements. The frequency dependence of the storage compliance shows clearly the presence of the so-called network transition between the end of the glass transition and the onset of flow. The time-temperature shifting laws for the flow process and for the network transition are shown to obey the WLF shift equation, but with different sets of parameter values. Consequently, the complete data do not obey the time-temperature superposition law. Comparison with non-Newtonian viscosities, measured by means of a slit and a capillary viscometer attached to an extruder, shows the excellent validity of the Cox-Merz rule, provided either the absolute dynamic viscosity or the stressing viscosity are used for this comparison.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 23 (1984), S. 378-395 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Dilatometry ; volume relaxation ; thermal expansion ; glass transition ; secondary transition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two experimental techniques are described for the determination of the change of specific volume of polymers with temperature and aging time, which allow measurements between − 160 °C and + 200 °C. Four technical amorphous polymers, PS, PVC, PMMA and PC have been investigated. Volume-temperature curves under constant rate of cooling are presented and interpreted with respect to relaxation processes known from other physical investigations. The rate dependence of dilatometric glass transition temperatures is compared with the time dependence of rheometric glass transition temperatures from shear creep data. Volume relaxation data at constant aging temperature are presented. Aging is found to proceed until very low temperatures in the glassy state for e.g. PMMA. For polystyrene, a comparison is made between the predictions of a very simple theory of volume relaxation due to Kovacs with experimental data, using additional information from volume temperature curves and the time temperature shift of the shear creep transition. The theory predicts a rate of volume relaxation which is much lower than that found by experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 165-170 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: States of Aggregation and Molecular Movements in PlasticsThe molecular structure of amorphous polymers is discussed. Possibilities for molecular movements in the different states of aggregation are described and the relaxation phenomena are in vestigated which are responsible for the transition between the states of aggregation. The essentials of the mechanical behaviour of amorphous polymers in the various states of aggregationare described in relation to molecular structure.
    Notes: Die Molekularstruktur amorpher Kunststoffe wird besprochen. Die Möglichkeiten für Molekularbewegungen in den verschiedenen Aggregatzuständen werden diskutiert und die für die Übergänge zwischen den Aggregatzuständen verantwortlichen Relaxationserscheinungen werden beschrieben. Die wesentlichen charakteristischen Züge des mechanischen Verhaltens der Kunststoffe in den verschiedenen Aggregatzuständen werden im Lichte der Molekularstruktur erörtert.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of the tensile stress-strain behavior of elastomers at constant strain rates. I. Criteria for separability of the time and strain effectsIn 1979, I (S. D. Hong) had the good fortune of working with the late Professor Mitchel Shen, as his research associate, at the University of California in Berkeley. This professional association, though only for one year, proved to be very productive in terms of research accomplishments. We proposed and developed, in collaboration with Dr. David R. Hansen Professor Michael C. Williams, and Professor David S. Soong, the transient network model for modeling the viscoelatic behaviour of entangled polymers. We also studied and published papers, jointly with Professor Richard S. Stein, Dr. Thomas P. Russell, and Mr. C. F. Jasso, on the morphological changes of deformed SBS copolymers and the mechanical behavior of gradient polymer. We cintinued our research corporation until his untimely death.More importantly for myself as my own career was starting, I came to appreciate that Professor Shen was an outstanding scientist as well as a wonderful person. He was always eager to explore new scientific frontiers and he possessed a marvelous intuition for tackling a new problem. He was extremely dedicated and has an intense drive for accomplishment. He was also a person of unique warmth and cheerfulness. He had that certain quality which made it natural and easy for him to provide inspiration, guidance as well as encouragement to his associates. I shall value our professional association, and cherish our personal friendship. (1981)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 21 (1981), S. 688-695 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Considering the case where the relaxation time spectrum is preserved at finite deformations, a theoretical analysis of the tensile stress-strain relation of elastomers at constant strain rates has been carried out. The finite strain effect is taken into account by replacing the Cauchy strain by a general strain function, ƒ(∊), in the Boltzmann superposition integral. The analysis shows that there are two cases where the time and strain effects are separable when: (1) the segment of the stress relaxation modulus which coincides with the experimental time of stretching can be represented by a single power law; and (2) the general strain function, ƒ(∊), is linearly proportional to the Cauchy strain. Separability of the time and strain effects, therefore, can be achieved by adjusting the stretching time (or strain) and temperature, if the relaxation time spectrum remains unchanged by the deformation. The tensile stress-strain relations derived from the theoretical analysis were applied to analyze data on a crosslinked styrene butadiene rubber obtained in the temperature range -40 to 60°C. Γ(∊), which describes the strain dependence of tensile stress, B∊, the ratio of isochronal stresses at different strains, and ai, slope of a segment of the relaxation modulus Ei(t) on log t plot, were obtained directly from the experiment. Values of Γ(∊), B∊ and ai obtained at -40°C are quite different from those obtained at -30°C or higher. Results obtained from our analysis are generally in agreement with those obtained by an empirical method for analyzing the experimental data.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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