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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychological research 33 (1969), S. 68-78 
    ISSN: 1430-2772
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Psychologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Der Zusammenhang zwischen Blickwendung und Lidschlag wurde experimentell untersucht. Als wirksame Faktoren erwiesen sich die Größe der Blickwendung, die Kopfbewegung, die Art der Wahrnehmungsobjekte (Person — Gegenstand) und bei Personen der Grad der Aufmerksamkeitszuwendung. Über alle Versuchsbedingungen hinweg zeigte sich die relative Häufigkeit des Lidschlages bei der Blickwendung als individuell konstant.
    Notizen: Summary The relationship between gaze movement and eye blink was investigated. The angle of eye movement, movement of the head, the type of objects perceived (person-object) and (when persons were viewed) the degree of attention were found to be relevant factors. Under all conditions studied, the relative frequency of blinking during gaze movement was shown to be individually constant.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Vestibular system ; Optokinetic ; Otoliths ; Eye movements ; Motion perception
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Several studies in the past have demonstrated the existence of an Otolith-Ocular Reflex (OOR) in man, although much less sensitive than canal ocular reflex. The present paper 1 confirms these previous results. Nystagmic eye movements (L-nystagmus) appear in the seated subject during horizontal acceleration along the interaural axis in the dark for an acceleration level (1 m/s2) about ten times the perception threshold with a sensitivity of about 0.035 rad/m. When sinusoidal linear acceleration is combined with optokinetic stimulation, the recorded nystagmus slow phase velocity exhibits strong periodic modulation related to subject motion. This marked effect of linear acceleration on the optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) appears at a level (0.1 m/s2) close to the acceleration perception threshold and has a 4-fold higher sensitivity than L-nystagmus. Modulation of OKN can reach a peak-to-peak amplitude as great as 20 °/s; for a given optokinetic field size it increases with the velocity of the optokinetic stimulus, i.e. with the slow phase eye velocity. In parallel with changes in OKN slow phase velocity, linear acceleration induces a motion related decrease in the perceived velocity of the visual scene and modifications in selfmotion perception. The results are interpreted in terms of a mathematical model of visual-vestibular interaction. They show that sensory interaction processes can magnify the contribution given to the control of eye movements by the otolithic system and provide a way of exploring its function at low levels of acceleration.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Vestibulo-ocular reflex ; Optokinetic nystagmus ; Vestibular habituation ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1.Unilateral habituation of the vestibuloocular reflex was produced in adult cats stimulated by repeated unidirectional velocity steps (vestibular training) or by a continuously moving visual surround (optokinetic training). — 2. Unidirectional vestibular training produced a strong asymmetry of vestibuloocular responses (VOR). Responses to velocity steps applied to the “trained” labyrinth were decreased both in gain and in time-constant. This effect generalized to responses to sinusoidal oscillations (0.03 Hz to 0.1 Hz), i.e. to a stimulus not used during training. — No spontaneous nystagmus was ever observed in spite of the dynamic VOR asymmetry. — 3. Unilateral vestibular habituation produced by vestibular training appeared to be a long-lasting phenomenon. It was still present 10 days after the end of training. — 4. Optokinetic responses were not affected by vestibular training. — 5. Unidirectional optokinetic training produced an increase in the slow phase velocity of optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) by about 25% in both directions. This effect did not persist for more than a few minutes. A marked spontaneous nystagmus was recorded in the dark after each session of optokinetic training, with a slow phase in the direction opposite to the previous OKN. — 6. VOR in response to velocity steps and to sinusoidal oscillations were decreased unilaterally after optokinetic training. This effect was of short duration, however, and disappeared within the interval between training sessions. This lack of retention contrasted with the prolonged effect of vestibular training.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 47 (1982), S. 417-427 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Saccades ; Audio-ocular responses ; Fixation ; Sound localization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Saccadic eye movements evoked by the presentation of visual and auditory targets were examined and compared. Differences were found either in the pattern of the saccadic response and in the characteristics of single saccades of the same amplitude. The longer latency and the higher percentage of multiple saccade responses in the auditory case were attributed to a more complex central processing, whereas the longer duration and the lower peak velocity of the saccades to auditory targets were attributed to reduced performances of the execution mechanism in the absence of vision.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 43 (1982), S. 209-223 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Informatik , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract After a brief description of the main anatomical structures subserving the oculomotor responses during combined vestibular and optokinetic stimulations, a mathematical model is presented. With respect to a previous model by Schmid et al. (1980), a more accurate definition of the roles of the neural mechanisms involved in oculomotor control in different conditions of visual-vestibular interaction is given. The model is proved to be able to predict not only oculomotor responses, but also single unit average responses in the vestibular nuclei and in the vestibulo-cerebellum. Experimental data available in the litterature on monkeys and cats are used for model validation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 36 (1980), S. 143-151 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Informatik , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract A mathematical model for visual-vestibular interaction during body rotation in an illuminated visual surround is obtained by combining a previous model of the optokinetic reflex (OKR) with a simplified model of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). OKR is activated by the slip of the image of the external world on the retina, and represents a negative feedback loop around VOR. For large retinal slip velocities OKR behaves as a basically non-linear system. The validity of the model is proved via computer simulation by comparing predicted responses with the experimental results obtained in man by Koenig et al. (1978) in different situations of visual-vestibular interaction.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 47 (1983), S. 203-211 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Informatik , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Oculomotor responses to combined optokinetic and vestibular stimulations in labyrinthine and cerebellar defective patients are discussed in terms of parametric changes in a model describing the interaction between the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and the optokinetic reflex (OKR). By making a few reasonable hypotheses about model parameter variations in relation to the type of pathology, the experimental results obtained by several authors can correctly be predicted and explained by the model. The model can therefore be used to define a set of parameters giving an estimate of the state of the system subserving VOR-OKR interaction in the examined patients. The model is also shown to be a powerful tool to assess the validity and the diagnostic significance of the procedures used to test VOR-OKR interaction.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 6 (1981), S. 551-565 
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The characteristics of the Na+-independent high-affinity binding of [3H]GABA to various types of crude synaptic membranes (CSM) prepared from rat brain cortex were studied. In freshly prepared CSM the content of GABA was so high that the high-affinity [3H]GABA binding could not be determined. In contrast when the frozen-thawed CSM were incubated at 37° for 30 min with or without Triton X-100 or phospholipase C and then washed repeatedly, there was a virtual disappearance of GABA from the supernatant extracts and the binding constants of [3H]GABA to CSM could be determined. Two apparent populations of [3H]GABA binding sites, one with a low- and the other with a high-affinity constant, were detected. The ratio of the number of high- to low-affinity binding sites varies with the method used to prepare the membranes. The lowest value of this ratio was observed with membranes incubated at 37° for 30 min. However, when frozen-thawed CSM were treated with 0.05% Triton X-100 repeatedly, the ratio of the number of high- to low-affinity binding sites increased progressively. This increase in ratio is due to a selective increase in the number of the high-affinity sites without significant changes in the number of the low-affinity sites. The extent of the increase in the number of sites that bind [3H]GABA with high affinity after repeated Triton X-100 treatments was paralleled by a decrease of an endogenous protein which inhibits GABA binding. The reapplication of this endogenous material to membranes repeatedly treated with Triton X-100 reduces the number of high-affinity binding sites for [3H]GABA to values similar to those measured in membranes that were not treated with Triton X-100. The inhibitory preparation extracted from CSM incubated with Triton X-100 was shown to be free of GABA or phospholipids. The gel filtration chromatography reveals the presence of two molecular forms of the inhibitor; of these, the high-molecular-weight material fails to bind GABA, whereas the low-molecular-weight material appears to bind GABA. The high-molecular-weight endogenous inhibitor has been termed GABA modulin.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 98 (1967), S. 1954-1961 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Abstract Diaryl ketenimines react with monosubstituted malonyl chlorides to 2-oxo-chromeno[3.2-b]pyrroles (1–7), and dialkyl ketenimines to 4.5-dihydro-5-oxo-2H-furo[3.2-b]pyrroles (11–12).
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Diaryl-ketenimine reagieren mit monosubstit. Malonsäurechloriden unter Abgabe von 2 HCl zu 2-Oxo-chromeno-[3,2-b]pyrrolen (1–7), Dialkyl-ketenimine dagegen zu 4,5-Dihydro-5-oxo-2H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrolen (11–12).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 20
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: During an investigation of various epoxide resin systems, some cases were found in which the room temperature density decreased with increasing curing temperature and increasing degree of cure. In other systems the density was found to be independent of the curing temperature. In these cases it is possible by deliberately stopping the reaction to measure density values which also decrease as the curing progresses. This unexpected behavior can be explained in a purely physical manner from the pattern of the density changes during an entire curing cycle. The density decrease of the noncured mixture, which is due to the increased curing temperature, outweighs all contraction effects consisting of isothermal chemical and cooling shrinkage, whereby the latter is dependent to a great extent on the glass temperature. In those cases where the glass temperature exceeds the curing temperature, the chemical reactions come to a standstill, when the temperature difference reaches a certain value, i.e. it “freezes chemically”. By means of values that can be measured readily at low temperatures, it is possible to construct diagrams from which the variation of the density at higher temperatures of the curing cycle can be estimated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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