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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacology of Antidiarrheal Drugs (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 23 (1983), S. 279-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.23.040183.001431
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Propoxate ( R 7464) : a New Potent Anaesthetic Agent in Cold-blooded Vertebrates (1965)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 205 (1965), S. 1018-1019 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Experiments with goldfish have been carried out in 101 aerated aquaria kept at 19 ± 2 C. Concentrations of R7464: 1/1.6, 1/4, 1, 4, 16 and 64 p.p.m., were tested at various immersion times, 1/64, 1/16, 1/4, 1, 4 and 16 h. Recovery from anaesthesia was effected by transferring the fish into ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2051018a0
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antiemetic effect of haloperidol in the dog as related to plasma level and dose (1981)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 75 (1981), S. 240-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Haloperidol ; Plasma concentration ; Antiemetic effect ; Dog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A positive and highly significant correlation was found between SC dose, plasma concentration, and antiemetic effect of haloperidol in the dog. To protect dogs from apomorphine-induced emesis, a concentration of 1 ng haloperidol/ml plasma was always sufficient, whereas protection from emesis was never obtained with plasma levels lower than 0.53 ng/ml. The elimination rate of haloperidol from plasma varied from 1.53 to 2.60 among different animals. Thus, the interindividual variability to haloperidol was surprisingly low. Antiemetic effect and plasma elimination of haloperidol were not related to body weight.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432431
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bromperidol, a new butyrophenone neuroleptic: A review (1982)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 78 (1982), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Bromperidol ; Haloperidol ; Chlorpromazine ; Preclinical review ; Animal pharmacology ; Animal pharmacokinetics ; Animal biotransformation ; Animal drug safety
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This review compares and contrasts the preclinical pharmacology of bromperidol with another butyrophenone neuroleptic, haloperidol, and the phenothiazine neuroleptic chlorpromazine. Its pharmacokinetics, biotransformation, and safety in several laboratory animal species are also summarized. These preclinical data support its use as an antipsychotic agent and show that it is well absorbed following oral administration with an apparent elimination half-life of approximately 24 h, supporting a once-daily dose regimen. Animal toxicity (including acute- and multiple-dose toxicology and reproductive and mutagenicity studies) show that bromperidol is well tolerated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00470578
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antiemetic specificity of dopamine antagonists (1982)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 78 (1982), S. 210-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Neuroleptics ; Antiemetics ; Antiemetic specificity ; Dogs ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Twelve antagonists of apomorphine-induced emesis in dogs were studied in different tests to evaluate their antiemetic specificity. Ten of these antagonists were neuroleptics: benzquinamide, clebopride, bromopride, prochlorperazine, haloperidol, chlorpromazine, thiethylperazine, metoclopramide, droperidol, and pimozide blocked conditioned responding in dogs and apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior in rats. The use of these compounds as anti-emetics entails a risk of neurological side effects. Metopimazine and domperidone were devoid of neuroleptic activity. Metopimazine, however, showed potent α-adrenergic blocking activity, showed histamine H1 antagonism, and induced palpebral ptosis. Therapeutic doses of metopimazine are, therefore, likely to produce sedation and side-effects related to autonomic blockade. Domperidone showed potent antiemetic activity and, up to high doses, no other central or peripheral effects. Therefore, domperidone is the only specific antiemetic known.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428152
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tetramisole ( R 8299), A New, Potent Broad Spectrum Anthelmintic (1966)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 209 (1966), S. 1084-1086 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THIS article reports the discovery of tetramisole (R 8299 (I)), a new, potent broad spectrum anthelmintic, which is at present undergoing large-scale clinical trials in several countries. In the course of our routine screening programme for anthelmintic activity the aminothiazol derivative (II) ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2091084a0
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of various neuroleptic drugs on shock avoidance responding in rats (1969)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 16 (1969), S. 161-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drugs ; Neuroleptics ; Behaviour ; Conditioning ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of twenty neuroleptic drugs on conditioned behaviour was studied in rats by means of a lever-press shock-avoidance procedure (shock-shock 20 sec, response-shock 20 sec). All twenty drugs inhibited lever-press response and reduced the shock-avoidance rate at very low dose levels. The order of potency was: benperidol=spiroperidol 〉 trifluperidol 〉 droperidol=spiramide 〉 clofluperol=fluphenazine=haloperidol=spirilene 〉 moperone 〉 perphenazine 〉 amiperone 〉 fluanisone=trifluperazine 〉 pimozide 〉 thioperazine 〉 chlorpromazine 〉 pipamperone=thioridazine 〉 promazine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02456042
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of various neuroleptic drugs on shock avoidance responding in rats (1969)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 16 (1969), S. 175-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Neuroleptics ; Conditioning ; Extinction ; IRT's ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of seven neuroleptic drugs on conditioned behaviour were studied in rats by means of a lever-press shock-avoidance procedure (shock-shock 20 sec; response-shock 20 sec) with alternate reinforcement and extinction periods. All seven drugs inhibited the lever-press response and the shock-avoidance rate; their order of potency was trifluperidol 〉 droperidol 〉 haloperidol 〉 pimozide 〉 fluanisone 〉 chlorpromazine 〉 pipamperone. For all seven drugs, the response rate during the extinction periods was a more sensitive indicator of drug effect than the response rate during the reinforcement periods. Analysis of the temporal distribution of the IRT's shows that IRT's of 0–5″ and of 6–15″ were more sensitive to drug effects than IRT's of 16–20″ and of 〉 20″. The introduction of extinction periods together with the analysis of IRT's rendered the Sidman avoidance procedure the most sensitive test available for the quantitative evaluation of the potency of neuroleptic drugs in rats. The qualitative differences between the neuroleptics studied were less pronounced. There is some indication, however, that specific neuroleptics (e.g. pimozide) inhibit the response rate to about the same extent during both reinforcement and extinction periods, while aspecific neuroleptics (e.g. pipamperone) are more active inhibitors of the responses during extinction than during the corresponding reinforcement periods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02456043
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pharmacological and biochemical basis of neuroleptic treatment in schizophrenia (1982)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 4 (1982), S. 71-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In a short review some historical data are presented that underline the importance of the dopamine hypothesis in schizophrenia and the mechanism of action of neuroleptics. The assumption that neuroleptics are postsynaptic dopamine receptor blockers in certain areas of the brain is based on pharmacological, biochemical and clinical findings. New pharmacological data are presented which show that apomorphine, amphetamine, cocaine and caffeine in different ways and at different levels may exert agonist activity on the dopaminergic system in the brain. The agonist activity of these compounds, which is expressed by an increase in motility of the injected animals, can be antagonized by neuroleptics such as haloperidol. However, the higher the dose levels of the agonists, thus the higher the dopaminergic overstimulation, the higher the dose of haloperidol needed to normalize the motility. These data tend to confirm the dopamine hypothesis and may give some support for the use of individually adapted doses in the treatment of schizophrenia and mania,i.e. doses that match the dopaminergic overstimulation. Thus patients with high dopaminergic overstimulation need higher doses of neuroleptics than patients with low dopaminergic overstimulation. This could explain why some so-called ‘therapy-resistant’ patients, not responding to conventional doses, respond to high doses of neuroleptics. Adapted individualized dose levels, however, also mean low doses of neuroleptics in patients with a low dopaminergic overstimulation. It should be mentioned in this respect that chronic overblockade of the dopaminergic system (overdoses of neuroleptics) may be masked by the concomitant administration of antiparkinson agents and that chronic overblockade may induce dopaminergic hypersensitivity and lead to tardive dyskinesia. Also high doses of neuroleptics therefore should never be given to non-responders over long periods of time. Although dopamine seems to be a very important neurotransmitter involved in the mechanism of action of neuroleptics, it should be remembered that other neurotransmitters may also be of importance, since the activity of neuroleptics is not necessarily limited to dopamine receptor blockade and schizophrenia is such a complicated disease that its manifestations can hardly be explained by merely the overstimulation of postsynaptic dopamine receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01962247
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Het farmacologisch profiel van de neuroleptica (1981)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 3 (1981), S. 1437-1442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Een vergelijkend dierfarmacologisch overzicht van de neuroleptica wordt gegeven. Verschillende onderzoekingen bij de rat en de hond worden besproken en onderling geëvalueerd. Het geheel geeft een indicatie van het te verwachten klinisch profiel van een neurolepticum, zowel wat betreft de therapeutische mogelijkheden als de bijkomende gewenste en ongewenste neveneffecten en bijwerkingen, dosering en werkingsduur.
    Notes: Abstract A survey comparing the animal pharmacology of neuroleptics is given. The tests discussed and mutually assessed are for the rat: antagonism of the effects induced by apomorphine, amphetamine, tryptamine, norepinephrine, substance 48/80 and eserine; inhibition of conditioned reactions and intracranial self-stimulation; induction of catalepsy and palpebral ptosis, delaying of oestrus and the acute toxicity. In the dog the tests performed are the antagonism of the emetic effect of apomorphine and the inhibition of conditioned reactions. Taken as a whole the results are indicative of the clinical profile to be expected for a particular neuroleptic. This profile relates to the therapeutic possibilities, as well as wanted and unwanted secondary reactions and side effects, dosage and duration of action.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02193410
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