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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrothermolysis — a new process for the utilization of Biomass (1983)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 195-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary In the present paper a hydrothermolysis apparatus is described. The reaction vessel is of the percolator type with a volume of 560 cm3 and permits the hydrolysis of biomass materials up to 100 g. The optimum degradation conditions of pure cellulose (filter paper) were determined in dependence on temperature, flow rate of the eluting water and influence of stirring on the reaction mixture. Up to 52% glucose can be obtained by hydrolysing cellulose with pure water at 265°C at a flow rate of 12 cm3/min. Biomass materials such as poplar wood and wheat straw were hydrolysed in two stages, using temperatures of about 200°C for the easily hydrolysable polysaccharides and about 260°C for the polysaccharides, which are more difficult to hydrolyse. In the first stage on an average 45% of the initial amount is converted into soluble products, whereas in the second stage this value amounts to 48%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00372318
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HPLC-analyses of plant biomass hydrolysis and fermentation solutions (1984)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 18 (1984), S. 445-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Amino-bonded stationary phase ; Ion-exchange ; Fermentation solution ; Biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In this work the analytical separation of biomass hydrolysis and fermentation products is described. Aminobonded phase and ion exchange materials (HPX 87H, HPX 42A, μ Spherogel Carbohydrate) were used as HPLC stationary phases for the determination of monomeric and oligomeric carbohydrates, carbohydrate degradation and fermentation products. The HPX 42A and the amino-bonded phase columns are especially suitable for the analysis of the gluco oligomers. The HPX 87H column separates the monomeric sugars and their degradation and fermentation products (e.g. furfurals and ethanol) very well. Using the μ Spherogel Carbohydrate column the lower gluco-oligomers as well as the monomeric sugars and their degradation and fermentation products, can be determined within 35 minutes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02262975
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur Kinetik der “Polykondensation” von Äthylenoxyd an Phenole (1952)
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 83 (1952), S. 322-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Anlagerung von Äthylenoxyd an Phenol erfolgt über Ätheralkoholate (R(OCH2CH2) n O−) im Prinzip gleich wie die Polymerisation Zur Kinetik der “Polykondensation” von Äthylenoxyd an Phenole.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00938558
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of biomass degradation products on the fermentation of glucose to ethanol by Saccharomyces carlsbergensis W 34 (1984)
    Springer
    Biotechnology letters 6 (1984), S. 541-546 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6776
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The experiments on the fermentation of glucose to ethanol were carried out using the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis W 34. The fermentation time could be reduced to 6 hours. Biomass degradation products such as cellobiose, dihydroxyacetone, glyceraldehyde, showed no or little effect on the fermentation rate. Hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, methylglyoxal and lignin compounds such as phenol and vanillin inhibit the fermentation in the 1 to 10 mg/mL range very decisively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00139999
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of phenol in industrial waste water by isotachophoresis (1983)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 315 (1983), S. 205-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The present work deals with the isotachophoretic analysis of phenol in industrial waste water. By variation of pH, temperature, leading and terminating electrolytes an optimal system for the determination of phenol in waste water was found. All samples were examined without preliminary chemical or physical treatment and therefore a direct analysis of waste water containing phenol is possible. The limit of the sensitivity for phenol is 0.1 ppm. The second part of this work concerns the separation of phenolic compounds, such as phenol, p-cresol and vanillin using the method described.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der isotachophoretischen Analyse von Phenol im Abwasser von Industriebetrieben. Durch Variation von pH, Temperatur sowie der leading und terminating Elektrolytlösungen wurde ein optimales System zur Analyse von Phenol im Abwasser erstellt. Alle Proben wurden ohne chemische oder physikalische Vorbehandlung untersucht, somit kann eine direkte Analyse zur Bestimmung von Phenol durchgeführt werden. Die Bestimmungsgrenze für Phenol in diesem System liegt bei 0,1 ppm. Ein zweiter Teil dieser Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Trennung von Phenol, p-Kresol und Vanillin unter den beschriebenen Analysenbedingungen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00594992
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of acidic and phenolic biomass degradation products by isotachophoresis (1984)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 318 (1984), S. 30-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two isotachophoretic systems for the determination of biomass degradation products are described, by means of which the separation of 10 acidic and 4 phenolic components has been achieved in the nanomol range. Detection was carried out by conductivity measurement; as regards the phenolic compounds, also the UV absorption at 254 nm was recorded. Apart from reference samples, an alkaline degradation solution was tested in order to point out the scope of application in the analysis of biomass.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zwei isotachophoretische Analysensysteme zur Erfassung von Biomasseabbauprodukten werden beschrieben, mit deren Hilfe Trennungen von 10 sauren Komponenten einerseits, 4 phenolischen andererseits im Nanomolbereich durchgeführt wurden. Die Detektion erfolgte dabei durch Messung der Leitfähigkeit; bei den phenolischen Verbindungen wurde zudem die UV-Absorption bei 254 nm aufgezeichnet. Neben den Referenzproben wurde auch eine alkalische Abbaulösung untersucht, um die Einsatzmöglichkeiten in der Biomasseanalytik aufzuzeigen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00532834
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur frage der anionpolymerisation, II.I s. Zur Kinetik der “Polykondensation” von Äthylenoxyd an Phenole, von F. Patat, E. Cremer, und O. Bobleter, Monatsh. Chem., 83, 322 (1952). Dort finden sich auch Einzelheiten über die Versuchsdurchführung. Die addition von Äthylenoxyd an phenol (1954)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 489-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The addition of ethylene oxide to phenol is described quantitatively. The reaction takes place by the anion chain: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {{\rm Step 1:}} \hfill & {{\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm O}^ \ominus + \to {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus } \hfill \\ {{\rm Step 2:}} \hfill & {{\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus + {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OH} \to {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm O}^ \ominus + {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}} \hfill \\ {{\rm Step 3:}} \hfill & {{\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus + {\rm C}_{\rm 2} {\rm H}_{\rm 4} {\rm O} \to {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus } \hfill \\ {{\rm Step 4:}} \hfill & {{\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus + {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O} \to {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm OH} + {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus } \hfill \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} etc. As long as phenol is still present, the polymerization is interrupted on step 2 and glycol monophenyl ether only is formed.
    Notes: Die Anlagerung von Äthylenoxyd an Phenol wird quantitativ beschrieben. Die Reaktion geht über die “Anion”-kette. \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {{\rm Stufe 1:}} \hfill & {{\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm O}^ \ominus + \to {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus } \hfill \\ {{\rm Stufe 2:}} \hfill & {{\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus + {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OH} \to {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm O}^ \ominus + {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}} \hfill \\ {{\rm Stufe 3:}} \hfill & {{\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus + {\rm C}_{\rm 2} {\rm H}_{\rm 4} {\rm O} \to {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus } \hfill \\ {{\rm Stufe 4:}} \hfill & {{\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus + {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O} \to {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm OH} + {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm O}^ \ominus } \hfill \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} u.s.w. So lange noch Phenol vorhanden ist, wird die Polymerisation bei Stufe 2 unterbrochen und nur Glykolmonophenyläther gebildet.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1954.120120140
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