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  • 1
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of New Oxygen Tripod Ligands of the Type [C5R5M{P(O)(OCH3)2}3]- via the Michaelis-Arbusov Reaction. Their Ligand Field Properties and their Coordination ChemistryThe synthesis of the dicationic tris(trialkylphosphite) complexes [C5H5Co{P(OC2H5)3}3]2+ (2a) and [C5H5Co{P(OCH3)3}3]2+ (2b) is described. 2b and [C5(CH3)5Rh{P(OCH3)3}3]2+ (5) react with iodide or cyanide in a sequence of three Michaelis-Arbusov reactions to give the title complexes L- = [C5R5M{P(O)(OCH3)2}3]-, R = CH3, H, M = Rh, Co (1b, 8), and 3 mol CH3I or CH3CN. The anionic complexes L- react as oxygen tripod ligands with metal ions Mn+ in aqueous solutions to form 2:1 complexes [ML2](n-2)+, Mn+ = Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Mg2+, Bi3+ (10a-e, i, 11a-e). In all cases the metal ions Mn+ can be postulated to be octahedrally coordinated by the 6 P = O oxygen atoms of the two ligands L-. The cyclopentadienyl complexes [(C5H5)3Ni2]+ and [C5H5Fe(CO)2H2O]+ react readily with L- to yield NiL2 (9b, 10b) and FeL2 (9f, 10f) whereas [{C5(CH3)5RhCl2}2] and [{arene RuCl2}2] form cationic dinuclear sandwich complexes of the type [(ring)M{P(O)R2}3M′(ring′)]+, ring = C5H5, C5(CH3)5, M = Co, Rh, R = OCH3, OC2H5, M′ = Rh, Ru, ring′ = C5(CH3)5, C6H6, p-cymene (e.g. 12, 13). (PPh3)2CuNo3 reacts with L- = [C5H5Co{P(O)(OC2H5)2}3] - to give the copper(I) complex LCuPPh3 (14). The electronic spectra of the 3d transition metal complexes ML2 indicate that the ligand field properties of L- = [C5R5M{P(O)R2′}3]-, R = H, CH3, M = Co, Rh, R′ = OCH3, OC2H5, are nearly independent of R, M, and R′. They are all weak and unexpectedly hard ligands. Their position in the nephelauxetic series in near DMSO and water. The ligand field strength is comparable to the one of fluoride.
    Notes: Die Synthese der zweifach positiv geladenen Tris(trialkylphosphit)-Komplexe [C5H5Co{P(OC2H5)3}3]2+ (2a) und [C5H5Co{P(OCH3)3}3]2+ (2b) wird beschrieben. 2b und [C5(CH3)5Rh{P(OCH3)3}3]2+ (5) reagieren mit Iodid und Cyanid in einer Sequenz von drei Michaelis-Arbusov-artigen Reaktionen zu den Titelkomplexen L- = [C5R5M{P(O)(OCH3)2}3]-, R = CH3, H, M = Rh, Co (1b, 8) unter Abspaltung von 3 mol CH3I bzw. CH3CN. Die anionischen Komplexe L- verhalten sich gegenüber Metall-Ionen Mn+ in wäßriger Lösung wie Sauerstoff-Tripodliganden. Es entstehen 2:1-Komplexe [ML2](n-2)+, Mn+ = Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Mg2+, Bi3+ (10a-e,i,11a-e). Die spektroskopischen Daten sprechen in allen Fällen für eine oktaedrische Koordination des Metall-Ions Mn+ durch die 6 P=O-Sauerstoffatome der beiden Liganden L-. Die Cyclopentadienyl-Komplexe [(C5H5)3Ni2]+ reagieren mit L- rasch zu NiL2 (9b, 10b) bzw. FeL2 (9f, 10f). Im Gegensatz dazu führt die Umsetzung von L- mit [{C5(CH3)5RhCl2}2] und [{Aromat)RuCl2}2] zu kationischen zweikernigen Sandwich-Komplexen des Typs [(Ring)M{P(O)R2}3M′(Ring′)]+, Ring = C5H5, C5(CH3)5, M = Co, Rh, R = OCH3, OC2H5, M′ = Rh, Ru, Ring′ = C5(CH3)5, C6H6, p-Cymol (z. B. 12, 13). L- = [C5H5Co{P(O)(OC2H5)2}3]- ergibt mit (PPh3)2CuNO3 den Kupfer(I)-Komplex LCuPPh3 (14). Die Elektronenspektren der 3d-Übergangsmetallkomplexe ML2 zeigen, daß die ligandfeldspektroskopischen Eigenschaften von L- = [C5R5M{P(O)R′2}3]-, R = H, CH3, M = Co, Rh, R′ = OCH3, OC2H5, praktisch unabhängig von R, M und R′ sind. Es sind alles schwache und unerwartet harte Liganden. Sie stehen in der nephelauxetischen Reihe bei DMSO und Wasser. Ihre Ligandfeldstärke entspricht etwa der des Fluorid-Ions.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Measuring methods for fermentations under sterile conditions. In process development as well as in industrial production it is necessary to obtain information about the state of the process by the measurement of characteristic variables. This is true for bioengineering in the same way as for chemical processes in general. Characteristic variables to be taken into consideration include temperature, pressure, masses and mass-flow rates, operating parameters such as liquid level and impeller speed, and especially the concentrations of reactants, intermediates, and products. In contrast to other processes, a particular problem exists in fermentation because introduction of microorganisms, into the system by the measurement has to be prevented. Since taking samples from the reactor is hardly suitable for controlling the process for various reasons (amount of work, loss of time), this review considers only those methods which can be used for measurements directly in the fermentor. Essentially these are physical and physico-chemical methods, e. g. for concentrations (O2 and CO2 in gas and liquid phase, pH, biomass). Of special interest for future development are spectroscopic and enzymatic methods for fast determination of substrates and of important intermediates and products. Here the sterility required entails special problems in the case of enzyme electrodes. Important information on the state of the process can, of course, also be obtained from physical variables, such as gas hold-up, bubble size, viscosity, and turbulence properties of the medium. These variables are less critical with regard to sterility.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Turbulenz ; Splitfilmsonde ; Mehrphasenströmung ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Phasengrenzfläche ; Blasensäule ; Stofftransport ; Mikrosonde. Leitfähigkeit ; Methanol ; Natriumsulfat ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 24 (1982), S. 1851-1869 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Based on the experimental investigations with H. polymorpha and Methylomonas M 15 in bench-scale airlift tower-loop reactors, a general distributed parameter model was developed and used to simulate to cultivation process in a 40-m-high production reactor. This general model was simplified with regard to the gas phase and loop balances and was employed to optimize cell productivity and/or profit in a 20-m-high pilot-plant airlift tower-loop reactor. Maximum cell productivity always occurs in the oxygen-transfer-limited growth range. In case of a high “penalty factor” for nonconsumed substrate, maximum profit is attained at the boundary between substrate and oxygen-transfer-limited growth. Oxygen-transfer limitation exists in the lower half of the tower, whereas in the upper half, substrate limitation prevails. The longitudinal dissolved oxygen concentration passes a minimum in this case as has been determined experimentally in the bench-scale column. The simulation results agree fairly well with the data measured in the pilot plant.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 24 (1982), S. 817-835 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A distributed parameter model for simulation of SCP-production processes in tower reactors with an outer loop was developed by considering substrate, cell, and CO2 balances in the liquid phase, and O2 and CO3 balances in the ges phase and taking into account variations of dissolved oxygen concentration, pressure, and kLa along the column, as well as double substrate Monod kinetics. This model was used to describe the cultivation of Hansenula polymorpha in a tower-loop reactor (height 275 cm, diameter 15 cm). Parameter identification and process simulation were carried out by a hybrid computer. The variation of identified mass transfer parameters with fermentation time and operation mode is considered employing ethanol and glucose substrate, respectively. Relationships among kLa, substrate concentration, and superficial gas velocity were developed to facilitate the layout and simulation of pilot-plant reactors.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 727-736 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nonuniform enzyme distributions can be obtained by kinetic control of the immobilization process. Such heterogeneous biocatalysts exhibit higher effectiveness compared to conventional immobilization procedures, when the mass transfer of substrates or products is limiting. Model calculations provide some insight into the relative weight of the immobilization parameters with respect to optimal control of the enzyme distribution. Experimental results and model calculations show that considerably improved effectiveness of biocatalysts can be obtained. The role of external mass transfer is emphasized.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 102-107 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this paper a new electrical conductivity technique for the measurement of bubble size and velocity is presented. This measuring system is able not only to estimate size and velocity of particles (bubbles and droplets in liquids) but also to give complete information on the space related motion of particles. Thus a significant improvement is achieved in the accuracy of measurement.By using the simultanous measurement of both: bubble sizes and volumetric hold up of the dispersed phase, one is able to calculate the local interfacial area. In the first part of this paper the measuring system, its properties and limits are illustrated. In the second part results obtained in a bubble column will be presented.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 244 (1940), S. 168-183 
    ISSN: 0863-1786
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch Umsetzung von Silberwolframat mit Salzsäure gewonnene wäßrige Lösungen von Wolframsäure werden konduktometrisch und potentiometrisch mit Natronlauge titriert. Aus diesen Titrationen geht hervor, daß die Ionen der primär in Lösung gehenden Monowolframsäure als solche nicht beständig sind und miteinander unter Bildung einer Isopolysäure reagieren.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 244 (1940), S. 149-167 
    ISSN: 0863-1786
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird die Herstellung einer elektrolytfreien, wasserlöslichen Wolframsäure durch Umsetzung von normalem Silberwolframat (Ag2 WO4) mit Salzsäure beschrieben.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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