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Automatic postural responses in the cat: Responses to headward and tailward translation (1983)

Rushmer, D. S. ; Russell, C. J. ; Macpherson, J. ; [et al.]

Springer

Experimental brain research 50 (1983), S. 45-61

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ISSN: 1432-1106

Keywords: Postural reflexes ; Unexpected postural perturbations ; Electromyographic activity ; Hind limb and forelimb muscles ; Cat

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Summary EMG responses, vertical and A-P shear forces and kinematics of “automatic postural responses” to unexpected translational perturbations in the headward and tailward directions were studied in cats. Muscles acting on the major joints of the forelimbs and hindlimbs were studied. Movement of the animals in response to perturbation were highly stereotyped and consisted of two phases: (1) motion of the feet during platform movement while the trunk remained relatively stationary followed by (2) active correction of posture by movement of the trunk in the direction of perturbation. Vertical force changes occurred after the perturbation was well underway (latency 65 ms) and were related to the displacement of the center of mass and active correction of trunk position. Shear forces showed both passive (inertial) and active components and suggested that the majority of the torque necessary for po,stural correction was generated by the hindlimb. EMG responses in forelimb and shoulder muscles were most correlated with increase in vertical force, showing a generalized co-contraction in tailward translation (when these limbs were loaded) and little activity when the forelimbs were unloaded. EMG responses in hindlimb showed reciprocal activation of agonists and antagonists during perturbation with strong synergies of thigh and foot flexors in tailward translation and thigh and foot extensors in headward translation. The forelimb EMG patterns were most consistent with the conclusion that the forelimb is used primarily for vertical support during perturbation. It was concluded that hindlimb EMG responses were appropriate for both vertical support and performance of the postural correction. The hindlimb muscle synergies observed during translation are the “mirror image” of those observed in humans by other workers.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238231

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A molecular approach to flavor synthesis. I. Menthol esters of varying size and polarityDedicated to Professor C. G. Overberger on the occasion of his 60th birthday. (1980)

Jabloner, H. ; Dunbar, B. I. ; Hopfinger, A. J.

New York : Wiley-Blackwell

Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 18 (1980), S. 2933-2940

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ISSN: 0360-6376

Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science

Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: For a series of menthol esters of increasing size and polarity, “mintyness” decreased rapidly as molecular weight increased. For molecular weights above about 700, the compounds were tasteless to a significant proportion of the taste panel. As polarity increased, the “sweet minty” taste of hydrophobic menthol esters became increasingly bitter, until water-soluble menthol esters were strongly bitter. Bitterness was still apparent in quite high-molecular-weight water-soluble esters; a different receptor may be involved for bitterness than for mint. An overall hypothesis relating flavor to molecular solubility parameters is proposed.

Additional Material: 1 Ill.