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  • 1
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    Parthenius and Erucius: "A.P." VII 377 (1981)
    Leiden, etc. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Mnemosyne. ser.4:34:1/2 (1981) 63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0026-7074
    Topics: Classical Studies
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:4137-1981-034-01-000002
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synaptic connections of enkephalin-immunoreactive nerve terminals in the neostriatum: a correlated light and electron microscopic study (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 11 (1982), S. 779-807 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two different antisera to leucine-enkephalin were used to study the localization of enkephalin-like immunoreactive material in the neostriatum and globus pallidus of the rat, by means of the unlabelled antibody-enzyme method. Thin immunoreactive varicose fibres are scattered throughout the neostriatum. In the ventral striatum, fibres come together and follow a relatively straight course for several micrometers, forming tube-like structures which can be traced to cell bodies; these cell bodies are completely surrounded by immunoreactive fibres. Occasional immunoreactive varicose fibres are also found close to another type of neuron throughout the whole neostriatum. Examination by electron microscopy of immunoreactive structures that had been identified first in the light microscope, showed that each of the nearly 200 varicosities examined was a vesicle-containing bouton that formed a synaptic contact. Rarely were asymmetrical synaptic contacts found between immunoreactive boutons and dendritic spines. All other synapses formed by enkephalin-immunoreactive boutons were symmetrical. Two types of postsynaptic neuron were identified; the first type was a medium-sized neuron with the ultrastructural features of a typical striatal spiny neuron. The second type had a larger perikaryon surrounded by numerous immunoreactive varicosities that were found to be boutons forming symmetrical synapses. The long dendrites of this second type of neuron likewise received a dense input of immunoreactive boutons forming symmetrical synapses; such ensheathed dendrites were found to be the tube-like structures seen in the light microscope. The ultrastructural features of these neurons, notably a highly indented nucleus, were those of a rare type of striatonigral neuron. In the globus pallidus, all the enkaphalin-immunoreactive boutons studied formed symmetrical synapses with ensheathed dendrites and perikarya that were similar to the latter type of postsynaptic neuron in the neostriatum. Axo-axonic synapses involving immunoreactive boutons were not seen in our material. The results are consistent with the view that enkephalin-like substances may be synaptic transmitters in the neostriatum and that they may have different actions according to the nature of the postsynaptic target. The finding that one type of neostriatal neuron, and a very similar neuron in the globus pallidus, receives multiple enkephalin-immunoreactive boutons all over its perikaryon and along its dendrites indicates a potentially important role of enkephalin in the convergence of information within the neostriatum and pallidum on to output neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01153519
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aspiny neurons and their local axons in the neostriatum of the rat: a correlated light and electron microscopic study of Golgi-impregnated material (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 13 (1984), S. 239-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three types of neuron with smooth (aspiny) dendrites could be distinguished in the Golgi-impregnated rat neostriatum. Examples of each type of aspiny neuron were found with local axon collaterals within the neostriatum and these were selected for gold-toning and examination in the electron microscope. One type of aspiny neuron had an elongated, usually spindle-shaped, medium-size soma with two, or rarely three, primary dendrites originating from opposite poles of the cell; one example of this type of neuron had two separate axons. The second type of aspiny neuron had a nearly round, medium-size soma with four primary dendrites that branched profusely quite close to the cell body. A third type of aspiny neuron had a very large polygonal-shaped cell body. Afferent axon terminals were found in synaptic contact with the dendrites and cell bodies of all three types of aspiny neuron. Axon collaterals of each type of neuron displayed varicosities which, when examined in the electron microscope, were frequently found to be boutons making synaptic contact. All such synaptic contacts had symmetrical membrane specializations and the most common postsynaptic targets were dendritic shafts, sometimes spine-bearing. Dendritic spines themselves also received synapses from each type of neuron. No axosomatic synapses involving boutons of identified axons were found. One example of a synapse between an axon collateral of an aspiny neuron and one of the same neuron's dendrites (an ‘autapse’) was demonstrated by electron microscopy. It is concluded that the synaptic terminals of at least four types of neuron, the three aspiny types described here and the medium-size densely spiny neuron, participate in local circuit interactions in the neostriatum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01148118
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of pallidonigral neurons in the rat by a combination of Golgi impregnation and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase: their monosynaptic input from the neostriatum (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 13 (1984), S. 593-616 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary After injection of horseradish peroxidase, or its conjugate with wheatgerm agglutinin, into the substantia nigra of rats, retrogradely labelled cells were found in the globus pallidus. Forty-six of these neurons were also impregnated by the Golgi procedure and then gold-toned: their somata ranged from 15 to 30 μm in diameter and these pallidonigral neurons had from two to five primary dendrites that were long and smooth, that branched infrequently and that bore occasional spines on their distal regions. Most of the neurons studied came from the lateral part of the globus pallidus. At the ultrastructural level, the identified pallidonigral neurons were found to have deeply infolded nuclei and an abundant cytoplasm; their perikarya were richly innervated by two distinct types of bouton, both of which formed symmetrical synaptic contacts. The dendrites of pallidonigral neurons were ensheathed in boutons, the majority forming symmetrical synaptic contacts. After placement of electrolytic lesions in the rostro-dorsal neostriatum, degenerating boutons were found in symmetrical synaptic contact with the cell bodies and dendrites of six identified pallidonigral neurons. It is concluded that pallidonigral neurons belong to the Golgi category of large pallidal neurons with smooth dendrites and that they receive monosynaptic input from the neostriatum. Thus, in addition to the direct striatonigral pathway, the neostriatum can influence the substantia nigra by a monosynaptic relay through the globus pallidus, which might allow other pallidal afferents to influence the transfer of information from neostriatum to substantia nigra.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01148081
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of substance P-like immunoreactivity in neurons and nerve terminals in the neostriatum of the rat: a correlated light and electron microscopic study (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 12 (1983), S. 325-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An antiserum, to substance P has been used to study the neostriatum of rats which has received intracerebral injections of colchicine. Both cell bodies and nerve fibres were found to display immunoreactivity. Some of the fibres were swollen and could be traced back to their parent: cell body. Examination in the electron microscope of structures that had first been identified in the light microscope showed that there are two different types of substance P-immunoreactive cell body. The first kind (type I) of immunoreactive cell body was of medium size and had a smooth surfaced nucleus. It displayed the ultrastructural features typical of medium-size spiny neurons. Identified axons of type I neurons gave rise to immunoreactive axon collaterals within the neostriatum boutons along these collaterals were found to form symmetrical synaptic contacts. The second kind (type II) of immunoreactive cell body was also of medium-size and had a round or oval shape, but the nucleus was deeply indented and was surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm. Synaptic input to this neuron was sparse and consisted of small boutons that made symmetrical contacts with the perikaryon and proximal dendrites. Many immunoreactive dot-like structures could be seen in the light microscope: upon examination in the electron microscope these were found to be boutons. All fifty-six synaptic boutons that were studied made symmetrical synaptic contacts. These boutons were indistinguishable from the boutons of axon collaterals of identified type I immunoreactive neurons. The most common postsynaptic structures were dendrites, including some dendritic spines, although synapses between immunoreactive boutons and several perikarya, and an axon initial segment were observed. The morphological features of the immunoreactive boutons in the neostriatum were very similar to one type of substance P-immunoreactive bouton in the substantia nigra and to a bouton type in the substantia nigra which is labelled following the anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase from the striatum. It is suggested that there are two kinds of substance P-containing neurons in the striatum and that one of these is likely to belong to the medium-spiny class. The latter type of neuron is probably the source of the striatonigral substance P-containing projection and of the immunoreactive boutons within the striatum. The finding of substance P-immunoreactive synaptic boutons within the neostriatum provides a morphological basis for the view that substance P might serve as a neurotransmitter in the neostriatum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01148468
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synaptic connections of substance P-immunoreactive nerve terminals in the substantia nigra of the rat (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 223 (1982), S. 469-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Substantia nigra (rat) ; Substance P ; Striatonigral pathway ; Immunocytochemistry ; Synaptic vesicles ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A monoclonal antibody that recognises the C-terminal part of substance P was used to study immunoreactive structures in the substantia nigra by the unlabeled antibody, peroxidase-antiperoxidase procedure. Immunoreactivity was present in nerve fibres in all parts of the substantia nigra, particularly in the pars reticulata and pars lateralis. Electron microscopically two types of bouton immunoreactive for substance P were found: Type 1 contained large electron-lucent vesicles, occasional large granulated vesicles and formed symmetrical synapses with dendrites. Type 2 boutons contained smaller, round electron-lucent vesicles, many large granular vesicles and formed asymmetrical synapses (having prominent postjunctional dense bodies) with dendrites and perikarya. Immunoreactive fibres with varicosities that had been identified light microscopically were studied in serial sections in the electron microscope. Each identified varicosity contained synaptic vesicles and formed a single synapse. An individual fibre formed boutons of only one kind (type 1 or type 2) and could form multiple synapses with the same neuron. Thus, an identified fibre in the pars compacta had eight varicosities, each of which was in synaptic contacts (type 2) with the dendrites or soma of the same neuron. The results are consistent with the concept that substance P is a synaptic transmitter in the substantia nigra and indicate that neurons in this region may receive a significant input from substance P-containing afferents, and that there are at least two types of such afferent fibres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218469
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