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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 16 (1976), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The recording of the stage of growth of crops and weeds by directly photocopying the plants is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Lexington, Va. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    The Journal of Military History. 7 (1943) 25 
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 250 (1972), S. 530-552 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Einkristalle von 5 niedermolekularen und einer hochmolekularen Fraktion von Polyäthylenoxyd wurden isotherm aus unterkühlter Schmelze unter Anwendung des self-seeding-Verfahrens kristallisiert. Das Wachstum der Kristallite wurde durch rasche Kühlung der Proben abgebrochen, was Anlaß zu hochkontrastierten Aufwachsungen führt, die die Kristallite umgeben, während die homogene Schmelze optisch transparent bleibt. Diese „Selbstdekorationsprozedur“ erfolgt an den Kanten und Außenlinien der Oberflächenrauhigkeiten der Lamelle. Das Verfahren erlaubt, zwischen Lamellen aus gefalteten Ketten und denen aus gestreckten zu unterscheiden. Für 5 niedermolekulare Fraktionen durchläuft der Temperaturkoeffizient der WachstumsgeschwindigkeitG mindestens einen scharfen Übergang, der durch die schrittweise Variation der Dicke der Lamellen mit der KristallisationstemperaturT c erklärt werden kann. Für jede Fraktion ist der Übergang von gestrecktkettigen zu gefaltetem Kristallwachstum extrem scharf und von einer radikalen Änderung im Habitus der Kristalle und der Oberflächentextur der Lamellen begleitet. Kettengefaltete Lamellen verdicken sich isotherm während ihres Wachsens, vorausgesetzt daß sie von geschmolzenen Polymeren umgeben sind. Diese isotherme Streckung der Ketten kann morphologisch beobachtet werden. Es spielen zwei verschiedene molekulare Mechanismen mit: Ein Keimbildungsprozess, charakterisiert durch eine Inkubationsperiodeτ und ein Wachstumsprozeß, charakterisiert durch seine GeschwindigkeitGΦ.Beide Parameter hängen stark vonT c und dem Molekulargewicht ab. Alle diese Wesenzüge werden diskutiert und interpretiert in Termen der kinetischen Theorien des Polymerwachstums.
    Abstract: Résumé En utilisant le procédé d'autoensemencement on a fait croître des monocristaux de divers Polyoxyéthylènes (cinq fractions de bas poids moléculaire et une de poids moléculaire élevé) à partir du polymère surfondu. Une trempe permet d'arrêter la croissance des cristaux et donne lieu à une décoration contrastée de tous les sites des cristaux susceptibles d'initier une croissance, alors que le liquide surfondue résiduel cristallise par germination homogène et reste transparent. Cette «autodécoration» délimite les bords du cristal et met en évidence la rugosité éventuelle de la surface des lamelles. La décoration superficielle permet de distinguer entre les lamelles formées de chaînes repliées et étendues. Pour les cinq fractions de bas poids moléculaire, la variation thermique de la vitesse de croissance,G, présente au moins une transition nette qui peut être interprétée par la variation discontinue de l'épaisseur des lamelles avec la température de cristallisationT c . Pour chaque fraction, la transition de la croissance en chaîne étirée à celle en chaîne repliée est très nette, et s'accompagne d'une modification importante de la forme des cristaux et de leur état de surface. Les lamelles formées de chaînes repliées s'épaississent d'une mainière isotherme pendant leur croissance si elles sont entourées par du polymère fondu. Cette extension isotherme des chaînes peut être observée morphologiquement. Elle implique deux mécanismes moléculaires différents: en processus de germination, caractérisé par un temps d'incubationτ, et un processus de croissance, caractérisé par une vitesse,GΦ. Ces deux paramètres dépendent fortement de la masse moléculaire et deT c . L'ensemble de ces phénomènes est analysé sur la base des théories cinétiques de la croissance des cristaux de polymères.
    Notes: Summary Single crystals of five low molecular weight and one high m. w. fractions of Poly(ethylene-oxide) were grown isothermally from the supercooled melt using the self seeding procedure. Growth was arrested by rapid quenching of the specimens, which gives rise to highly contrasted outgrowths decorating all the nucleating sites of the crystals, whereas the homogeneously nucleated melt remains optically transparent. This self-decorating procedure delineates the crystal edges and outlines the surface roughness of the lamellae. The surface decoration contrast allows to distinguish between lamellae constituted by folded and fully extended chains. For the five low m. w. fractions the temperature coefficient of the growth rate,G, undergoes at least one sharp transition which can be interpreted by the stepwise variation of the thickness of growing lamellae with crystallization temperature,T c . For each fraction the transition from extended chain to folded chain crystal growth is extremely sharp and it is accompanied by a radical change in the crystal habit and the surface texture of the lamellae. Chain folded lamellae thicken isothermally during their growth, provided they are surrounded by molten polymer. This isothermal extension of chains can be detected morphologically. It involves two different molecular mechanisms: a nucleation process characterized by incubation periodτ and a growth process characterized by a rateGΦ. Both of these parameters depend strongly onT c and molecular weight. All these features are discussed and tentatively interpreted in terms of kinetic theories of polymer crystal growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 254 (1976), S. 695-715 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La températureT m et l'enthalpie de fusion ont été mesurées sur des cristaux à chaines repliées de fractions de polyoxyéthyléne, de masse moléculaire variant entre 3000 et 10000. Ces cristaux sont constitués par des molécules repliées un nombren entier de fois et ils ont une stabilité thermique inhabituelle. La vitesse de dépliement des chaines a été mesurée lots de la croissance isotherme des cristaux et du chauffage consécutif et l'on a pu définir un critère de stabilité pour des cristaux à chaines repliées. En étendant la théorie deFlory etVrij aux cristaux à chaines repliées et en utilisant les valeurs deT m on a pu estimer les contributions respectives des bouts de chaine et des repliements à l'énergie libre superficielle. Les résultats suggèrent un couplage important, par liaison hydrogène entre les groupes terminaux OH lorsque la surface des cristaux est constituée entièrement de bouts de chaine, l'énergie de couplage étant de 3,1 Kcal/mole. Ce couplage disparait pratiquement par le rephement des chaines. L'analyse des résultats permet aussi d'estimer la longueur des bouts de chaines et celle des repliements qui émergent du réseau cristallin: ils sont formés, respectivement de 2,8 et 3,5 unités de monomère, en moyenne. Les repliements sont serrés et relient des positions adjacentes du réseau. On déduit finalement une expression deT m en fonction de la longueur des chaines et den, paramètres qui déterminent l'épaisseurL du cristal. La comparaison critique de cette relation avec celle généralement utilisée pour déterminer l'énergie libre superficielle, impliquant une variation linéaire deT m avec 1/L, montre que cette dernière ne s'applique en toute rigueur qu'aux chaines de longueur infinie et aux cristaux d'épaisseur supérieure à une valeur critiqueL*.
    Notes: Summary Melting temperatureT m and enthalpy of fusion have been measured, by DSC, for folded chain crystals of low molecular weight poly(ethylene-oxide) fractions ranging from 3000 to 10000. These crystals are formed by molecules folded a small integer number,n, of times and show unusual thermal stability on heating. The rates of chain unfolding during isothermal crystal growth and subsequent heating were measured and a reliable stability criterion could be defined for folded chain polymer crystals. Extending the theoretical treatment ofFlory andVrij to folded chain crystals and usingT m data, a reasonable estimate was derived for the respective surface free energy contributions of chain ends and chain folds. The results suggest considerable hydrogen bonding between OH end groups, with a bonding energy of 3.1 Kcal/mole, when the crystal surface contains only chain ends. Hydrogen bonding is essentially destroyed by chain folding. Further analysis leads to an estimate of the contour length of cilia, associated with chain ends and to that of chain folds containing, on average, 2.8 and 3.5 monomer units respectively. Chain folds must thus be sharp involving adjacent re-entry. Finally, an analytical expression is derived showing the separate dependence ofT m on chain length andn, parameters which determine the crystal thicknessL. Critical comparison of this relationship to that commonly used for determining surface free energies from linearT m vs 1/L plots shows that the latter only applies accurately to chains of infinite length and to crystals of thickness larger than a critical valueL*.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant ecology 33 (1977), S. 175-186 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Festuco-Brometea ; Forbland (Staudenflur) ; Fringe communities (Saumgesellschaften) ; Geranion sanguinei ; Numerical classification (Numerische Klassifikation) ; Quercetea pubescenti-petraeae ; Rumania (Rumänien)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Pflanzengesellschaften charakterisiert durch Sippen einer nach Geranium sanguineum benennten soziologisch-ökologischen Artengruppe, sind im Sommer 1975 in Siebenbürgen (Rumänien) untersucht worden. Konzepten und Methoden der Braun-Blanquet Lehre sind angewendet worden. Falls die Braun-Blanquet Lehre verschicdene Verfahren zulässt, haben wir versucht die Wahl zu erläutern. Die numerische Klassifikation unseren Aufnahmen mittels des polythetischen, agglomerativen TABORD Programm wird erläutert, Die Untersuchungshypothese, dass die Geranium Arten'gruppe ihr Optimum in Staudengesellschaften des Geranion Typus hat, zeigt ihre Validität. Das Geranion enthält entweder natürliche, intrazonale Gesellschaften oder halbnatürliche, ephemere Geselischaften, beide auf Kalziumreichen Böden über Kalkstein, Konglomerat oder Mergel im Bereich der zonalen Vegetation relativ mesophytischer Querceteapubescenti-petraeae und Carpinion dacicum Wälder und des Fagion der niedrigen Höhenlagen. Die ausgesprochene Stenotopie und Kleinflächigkeit des Geranion ist weiter durch Geniessbarkeit für Weidetiere, Verbreitungsanlagen und niedrige Konkurrenzkraft gegenüber Horstgräser der gesellschaftaufbaunden Arten bedingt. Vier Geranion-Assoziationen mit ihren diagnostischen Arten und Differentialkombination ökologischer Komponenten sind beschrieben worden. Der Betonung verschiedener floristischen merkmalen des Geranion oder verschiedene Klassekonzepte können zur Klassifizierung in verschiedenen höheren syntaxonomischen Einheiten führen. The first author thanks Prof. Dr. P. Jakucs (Debrecen) and Dr. Z. Debreczy (Budapest) for excursions and discussions in relation to the theme of the study. The investigatons wre supported, as far as the first author is concerned, by the Foundation for Fundamental Biological Research (BION), which is subsidized by the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (ZWO).
    Notes: Summary Four Transsylvanian Geranion associations with their differentiating combination of ecological components are described. Emphasis on different floristic characteristics. of the Geranion or different class concepts may lead to classification into different higher syntaxonomical units. The hypothesis that the Geranium group species have their optimum in Transsylvania in forb communities of the Geranion type could be validated. The Geranion in Transsylvania is either a natural intrazonal community or a semi-natural, ephemeral community. Both are typical of calcareous soils on limestone, conglomerate or marl in the reach of a zonal vegetation of relatively mesophytic Quercetea pubescenti-petraeae, of Carpinion dacicum and of Fagion forests of the lower montane zone. The restricted habitat and/or time niche of Geranion communities is further explained by the palatability, the dissemination mechanism and the lack of competitive vigour against tuftgrassers of its constructive species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 16 (1972), S. 301-313 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This report describes a series of recent experiments in which various thermal transitions including stress relaxations and glass transitions in high polymers were characterized by observing birefringence changes during heating and cooling. An automatic recording device employing a hot stage, polarizing microscope, photocell, and chart recorder was employed in these investigations. A general discussion of the utility and advantages of the technique of thermo-optical analysis (TOA) as well as its deficiencies is presented. Characteristic birefringence-temperature profiles of a number of amorphous and semicrystalline polymers are included.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 2 (1979), S. 81-86 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The characteristic fetures of isobaric volume and enthalpy recovery of glasses are briefly recalled and analysed in terms of a multiparameter model involving a distribution of retardation times, τi. The latter are assumed to depend both on temperature and on the instantaneous state (structure) of the glass, whereas the shape of the retardation spectrum is invariant and merely shifts, as τi, along the logarithmic time scale. Qualitative comparison of the theoretical predictions with various types of experiment reveals an excellent agreement. Some effects of structural recovery on the mechanical, or electrical properties of polymer glasses are also recalled and discussed in terms of the theoretical model The text which follows is merely an extended abstract of the work published elsewhere (see Refs 5 & 10)..
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 17 (1979), S. 1097-1162 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A multiordering parameter model for glass-transition phenomena has been developed on the basis of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. In this treatment the state of the glass is determined by the values of N ordering parameters in addition to T and P; the departure from equilibrium is partitioned among the various ordering parameters, each of which is associated with a unique retardation time. These times are assumed to depend on T, P, and on the instantaneous state of the system characterized by its overall departure from equilibrium, giving rise to the well-known nonlinear effects observed in volume and enthalpy recovery. The contribution of each ordering parameter to the departure and the associated retardation times define the fundamental distribution function (the structural retardation spectrum) of the system or, equivalently, its fundamental material response function. These, together with a few experimentally measurable material constants, completely define the recovery behavior of the system when subjected to any thermal treatment. The behavior of the model is explored for various classes of thermal histories of increasing complexity, in order to simulate real experimental situations. The relevant calculations are based on a discrete retardation spectrum, extending over four time decades, and on reasonable values of the relevant material constants in order to imitate the behavior of polymer glasses. The model clearly separates the contribution of the retardation spectrum from the temperature-structure dependence of the retardation times which controls its shifts along the experimental time scale. This is achieved by using the natural time scale of the system which eliminates all the nonlinear effects, thus reducing the response function to the Boltzmann superposition equation, similar to that encountered in the linear viscoelasticity. As a consequence, the system obeys a rate (time) -temperature reduction rule which provides for generalization within each class of thermal treatment. Thus the model establishes a rational basis for comparing theory with experiment, and also various kinds of experiments between themselves. The analysis further predicts interesting features, some of which have often been overlooked. Among these are the impossibility of extraction of the spectrum (or response function) from experiments involving cooling from high temperatures at finite rate; and the appearance of two peaks in the expansion coefficient, or heat capacity, during the heating stage of three-step thermal cycles starting at high temperatures. Finally, the theory also provides a rationale for interpreting the time dependence of mechanical or other structure-sensitive properties of glasses as well as for predicting their long-range behavior.
    Additional Material: 26 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Isobaric variations of the characteristic temperatures Tg and Tmax, obtained on uniform cooling and heating of glasses, are investigated in terms of their dependence on the relevant experimental variables, using a single retardation time model. The corresponding partial derivatives of Tg and Tmax are derived as functions of the partition parameter x (ranging between zero and unity), which determines the relative contributions of temperature and structure to the retardation time. It is shown that the variation of Tg with the cooling rate is independent of x. In contrast, Tmax critically depends on x, and its value as well as those of its three partial derivatives are linear functions of x-1. The variations of Tmax are analyzed in terms of a set of reduced variables, leading to simple reduction rules between any two of the experimental variables when the third is kept invariant. The reduction rules are further substantiated by investigating the behavior of glasses in two-step thermal cycles, which result in a unique set of inter-relationships between any pair of the partial derivatives of Tmax, whatever the value of x. The results are discussed in terms of their relevance to the behavior of real glasses.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 13 (1975), S. 909-927 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Tridimensional associations of lamellar polymer single crystals, grown from dilute solutions, are described as derived from their sedimentation patterns. These associations include interlocked crystals and decorating crystal halves. The origin of these crystals and their mutual orientation are discussed and tentatively interpreted by specific interactions between the fold surface and the crystallizing chains.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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