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  • 1975-1979  (1)
  • 1970-1974  (2)
  • Organic Chemistry  (3)
  • Solvatochromy
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  • Organic Chemistry  (3)
  • Solvatochromy
  • Chemistry  (3)
  • 1
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Univalent copper is stabilized in aqueous medium by the non-protophilic ligand CH3CN, allowing ligand displacement reactions to be investigated as if a stable CuI-hydrate did exist. Under these conditions the formation of CuI-complexes with imidazole and its derivatives has been studied in polar solution in the absence of CuII. Imidazole (ImH) acts upon CuI as a bidentate ligand forming polynuclear chains according to the equation Histamine reacts in the same way, i. e. the coordination number of CuI does not exceed 2; by comparison of the complexes of CuI with histamine and its N-methyl-derivatives it is shown that no six-membered chelate - which sterically would be possible - is built up. Trigonal as well as tetrahedral coordination of CuI - i. e. chelate formation - in dilute polar solutions are confined to π- or d-acceptor ligands, e. g. bipyridine or methionine. Conclusions are drawn from this on the requirements for redox-active copper in proteins.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The catalytic hydrogenation of isoalloxazines in aqueous solutions proceeds non stoichiometrically.This is explained by a reaction side path, which is competitive with the normal reversible 1,5-dihydrogenation and leads to the irreversible reduction of the ‘o-xyloquinoid’ (rather than benzenoid) subnucleus in the (iso)alloxazine system. In trifluoroacetic acid, this irreversible side reaction is found to be complete within several hours, while 8 H-equivalents are absorbed per flavin molecule. The products are shown to be cyclohexano-[g]-pteridine-2,4-diones in the normal 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro state, which are oxidized to yield, subsequently, 7,8-dihydro- and ‘fully oxidized’ pteridines (= 6,7,8,9-tetrahydrofavins).The spectral characteristics, tautomeric structures and pK-values are discussed in context with recent data on 6,7,8-trialkylpteridine-2,4-diones [3].
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1976 (1976), S. 2037-2057 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reductive Photoalkylation of the Flavin Nucleus; Structure and Reactivity of the PhotoproductsOn the basis of the manifold similarities between flavin photochemistry and flavin biocatalysis, we have made an effort toward systematic investigation of flavin-dependent photodehydrogenation: 3-benzyllumiflavin (1) reacts photochemically with carboxylic acids, e. g. 3-indoleacetic acid, phenoxyacetic acid and (tert-buty1thio)acetic acid, to give 4a-alkylated 4a,5-dihydro-flavin derivatives 3a-c and COz. In the presence of thiodiacetic acid and dithiodiacetic acid the 5-carboxymethyl-l,5-dihydroflavin derivative 4a and the 4a-carboxymethylthio derivative 3d, respectively, are formed.- Alkyl sulfides are attacked in the cr-position yielding 5-substituted 1,5-dihydroflavin derivatives, which undergo trans-elimination if P-CHz-groups are present; in the case of the thiolane the adduct 4d is found to be stable because of sterical hindrance. With benzaldehyde the 5-benzoyl-l,5-dihydro derivative 4e is formed. - Alkenes are attacked in the allylic position yielding 4a-alkylated 4a,5-dihydro derivatives, 3e - g. In the presence of 1,4-cyclohexadiene the 1,5-dihydroflavin 4c is formed, as also in the case of cycloheptatriene, where the resulting tropylium cation reoxidizes 4c back to 1. These reactions, which start from the first excited triplet state, do not necessarily proceed via radical pairs; in many cases they may be interpreted in terms of an electrophilic attack by the excited flavin (3F1,*). Cleavage of R-H into carbenium ion and hydride ion does not occur.- With some reasonable exceptions, the flavin substituents can be removed easily, although they are attached via 0-bonds. The preferred site of the flavin substitution depends on the nature of the substituent: electrophilic groups occur mainly at NS, nucleophilic ones at C4a.
    Notes: Ausgehend von der vielfachen Ähnlichkeit im chemischen Verhalten von lichtangeregtem Flavin und Proteingebundenem Flavin haben wir die Flavinabhängige Photodehydrierung systematisch untersucht: 3-Benzyllumiflavin (1) reagiert photochemisch mit Carbonsäuren wie 3-Indolessigsäure, Phenoxyessigsäure oder (tert-Buty1thio)essigsäure unter Decarboxylierung und Bildung der 4a-alkylierten 4a,S-Dihydroflavinderivate 3a- c. In Gegenwart von Thiodiessigsäure oder Dithiodiessigsäure entsteht das 5-Carboxymethyl-1,5-dihydroflavin-derivat 4 a bzw. das 4a-(Carboxymethy1thio)derivat 3d. - Alkylsulfide werden in α-Stellung unter Ausbildung von 5-substituierten 1,5-Dihydroflavinderivaten angegriffen, die, wenn β-CH2-Gruppen vorhanden sind, einer trans-Eliminierung unterliegen; im Fall des Thiolans ist das Addukt 4d aufgrund sterischer Hinderung stabil. Mit Benzaldehyd entsteht das 5-Benzoyl-l,5-dihydroderivat 4e. - Alkene werden in Allylstellung angegriffen, wobei die 4a-alkylierten 4a,5-Dihydroderivate 3e- g gebildet werden. Mit 1,4-Cyclohexadien entsteht 1,5-Dihydroflavin 4c ebenso wie mit Cycloheptatrien, im letzteren Fall oxidiert das entstandene Tropyliumkation im Dunkeln 4 c zu 1 zurück. Alle diese Reaktionen verlaufen über den ersten angeregten Triplettzustand; sie erfordern nicht notwendigerweise Radikalpaare,sondern können viel eher als ein elektrophiler Angriff des angeregten Flavins (3FlOx*) verstanden werden. Eine Spaltung von R-H in Carbeniumion und Hydridion tritt also nicht auf. - Die Flavinsubstituenten sind bis auf verständliche Ausnahmen äußerst leicht wieder abzuspalten, obwohl hier σ-Bindungen vorliegen. Der Ort der Fixierung des Substrates am Flavin hängt von der Natur des Substituenten ab : Elektrophile Gruppen treten vorzugsweise an N5, nucleophile an C4a auf.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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