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  • 1
    ISSN: 1520-4804
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 35 (1963), S. 1165-1167 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 51 (1979), S. 1093-1095 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 97 (1975), S. 3798-3802 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 198 (1963), S. 408-408 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Samples, mostly clays, with occasional siltstone, were macerated in nitric acid and potassium hydroxide followed by separation in a heavy liquid of specific gravity 2*3. The light crop was taken and centrifuged. The sediment collected was mounted in glycerine jelly. The grains can be described ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 17 (1964), S. 851-856 
    ISSN: 0001-5520
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 14 (1961), S. 796-796 
    ISSN: 0001-5520
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 2 (1962), S. 210-214 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Summary Viscosities have been determined for kerosene/water and olive oil/water emulsions, stabilized by freshly precipitated, finely divided solids, by a Rheo Viscometer with particular reference to the influence on the viscosity of the amount of the emulsifier, concentration of the disperse phase, nature of the oil and homogenization. It has been found that the viscosity for 1∶1 oil/water ratio increases with increase in the concentration of the emulsifier and also increases at 1% solid content with increasing oil/water ratio. Homogenization of the emulsion increases its viscosity as it renders the adsorbed film more resistant. The olive oil emulsions which tend to be more viscous than the analogous kerosene ones are characterized by abrupt changes in the viscosity after a certain concentration of the oil (60–70% oil) when some of them invert to W/O type. Emulsions with a large interfacial area tend to show less decrease of viscosity with time, although exceptions are observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 170 (1960), S. 32-35 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In vorliegender Arbeit wird gezeigt, daß Emulsionen mit Olivenöl, stabilisiert durch feste Stoffe, sich in gewissen Hinsichten in gleicher Weise verhalten wie die entsprechenden Kerosenemulsionen. Z. B. folgt der Abbau der Emulsion durch Alterung dem normalen Verlauf, und es gibt keine Abweichungen von dem allgemeinen Verhalten der Kerosenemulsionen, soweit es das Fehlen der Wirkung von Elektrolyten und die Sensibilisierung durch einige Schutzkolloide betrifft. Und doch zeigen diese Systeme einige Besonderheiten: z. B. sind die Emulsionen in der vorliegenden Arbeit weniger fein, aber stabiler als die entsprechenden Kerosenemulsionen. Dies rührt von der höheren Viskosität des Olivenöls her, die die Dispersion zu Kugeln erschwert, aber die Kugeln andererseits beim Koaleszieren hemmt. Bordeauxmischungen als Stabilisator erhöhen die Tendenz des Antagonismus des Emulgators und die Tendenz zur Bildung von multiplen Emulsionen. Das letztere Phänomen ist ausgeprägter bei anderen Emulsionen, die nicht mit Größenhäufigkeitsanalysen untersucht werden konnten. Das wird verursacht durch die Reaktion in situ zwischen den basischen stabilisierenden 2- und 3wertigen Kationen und der Ölsäure als Bestandteil des Olivenöls unter Erzeugung von Oleaten polyvalenter Metalle, welche den entgegengesetzten Typ von Emulsionen fördern. Die verblüffende Tatsache bei diesen Emulsionen ist, daß der Antagonismus der Emulgatoren mit bestimmten festen Stoffen zustande kommt, während er mit anderen ähnlichen Verbindungen nicht auftritt. Es ist Tatsache, daß er mit der Art und Weise der Fällung ein und desselben Emulgators variiert. Daher muß eine allgemeine theoretische Deutung unterbleiben, bis weitere ausführliche Untersuchungen vorliegen.
    Notes: Summary The present piece of work has revealed that the olive oil emulsions stabilised by solids in certain respects behave in the same manner as the corresponding kerosene emulsions. Thus the degradation of the emulsion on ageing follows the normal course and there are no departures from the general behaviour of kerosene emulsions so far as the matter of lack of action of electrolyte and sensitization by some protective colloids is concerned. But these systems do present some peculiarities. For example, the emulsions of this work are less fine but more stable than the corresponding kerosene emulsions owing to the higher viscosity of the olive oil which makes the dispersion of the globules difficult but prevents them from coalescence. Bordeaux mixture when used as stabilizer exhibits the tendency of emulsifying agent antagonism and formation of multiple emulsion. The former phenomenon is more pronounced with many other emulsions which could not be investigated by size frequency analysis. This is due to the reaction in situ between the basic stabilizing bivalent and trivalent cations and oleic acid constituent of the olive oil with the production of oleates of polyvalent metals which promote reverse type of emulsions. The perplexing fact about these emulsions is that emulsifying agent antagonism is set up with certain solid agents while with other similar compounds it is evaded. As a matter of fact it varies with the mode of precipitation of the same emulsifier. So any general theoretical interpretation is to emerge only after intensive investigations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 173 (1960), S. 137-141 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um eine Emulsion für praktische Zwecke auszuwerten oder die verschiedenen Agenzien gemäß ihrer Emulgierbarkeit einzuordnen, ist es notwendig, den Effekt der Umgebungsfaktoren zusätzlich zu den fundamentalen Kriterien, der Phasengrenzfläche und der Stabilität zu betrachten. Dies wurde mit der besonderen Absicht untersucht, die Wirkung von CaCl2, HCl und Wärme usw. festzustellen. Bei mit festen Stoffen stabilisierten Emulsionen ist die Auswirkung des Zufügens von CaCl2 sehr klein, obgleich sowohl Phasengrenzfläche als Stabilität in einigem Ausmaß gesenkt wurden. In dem Fall, wie vonKing undMukerjee berichtet, bleiben einige dieser Emulsionen, wie die mit gealterter Tonerde stabilisierten, sogar stabil, nachdem sie mit CaCl2 gesättigt sind, obwohl die Dispersion weit mehr gröber wird. Dieselbe Veränderung ist im Fall von Säurezusatz deutlich, doch ist in diesem Fall die Wirkung etwas ausgeprägter wegen der größeren partiellen Löslichkeit des Emulgators im HCl. Immer aber werden Olivenölemulsionen weniger beeinflußt, entsprechend der höheren Viskosität des Systems. Andererseits erhöht die Zufügung kleiner Mengen kolloider Substanzen wie Gelatine, Gummi acacia und Natriumoleat zu einigen dieser Feststoffe ihre Emulgatorwirkung beträchtlich, wie auch die Stabilität der so erzeugten Produkte. Das kann der Schutzwirkung dieser Kolloide im Grenzflächenfilm zugeschrieben werden. Ein anderer Aspekt der Betrachtung der Emulsionsstabilität von feststoff-stabilisierten Emulsionen ist der, daß diese höhere Temperaturen aushalten können und bis herauf zu 100° C kaum beeinflußt werden. Ein wichtiger Faktor für die Herstellung dieser Emulsionen ist die Beachtung des optimalen Konzentrationsbereiches des Emulgators, innerhalb dessen wahre und stabile Emulsionen gebildet werden können.
    Notes: Summary In order to evaluate an emulsion for practical purposes or to grade different agents in order of their emulsifiability, it is necessary to consider the effect of environmental factors in addition to the fundamental criteria, interfacial area and the stability. This has been studied here with special reference to effect of CaCl2, HCl and heat etc. With solid stabilised emulsions, the effect of addition of CaCl2 was very small, although both the interfacual area and stability were lowered to some extent. In fact as reported byKing andMukerjee (loc. cit.), some of these emulsions like those stabilised by aged alumina could remain stable even after being saturated with CaCl2 although the dispersion became far more coarse. The same variability is apparent in case of acid additions but in this case the effect is somewhat more pronounced because of the partial solubility of the emulsifier in HCl. In both instances, however, olive oil emulsions are least affected, due to the higher viscosity of the system. On the other hand the addition of small amounts of colloidal substances like gelatin, gum acacia and sodium oleate to some of these solids immensely improves their emulsifying efficiency as well as the subsequent stability of the product. This may be assigned to the protective action of these colloids on the interfacial film. Another aspect of emulsion stability regarding the solid stabilised emulsion is that these can withstand higher temperatures and are little affected upto 100° C. An important feature of these emulsions is the optimum concentration range of the emulsifier within which true and stable emulsions can be formed.
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