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  • 1975-1979  (10)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (9)
  • Raphe nuclei  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 154 (1978), S. 241-251 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Serotonin ; Raphe nuclei ; Development ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pre- and early postnatal development of serotonin neurons in the rat brainstem was studied using the fluorescence histochemical method. The technique utilized does not require drug pretreatment to visualize an intense serotonin fluorophore localized in neuronal perikarya, dendrites, and axons. All the serotonin neuron groups develop as bilateral nuclei which extend from the midbrain through the medulla. Six of the nine groups undergo a midline fusion from embryonic day 18 (E 18) through postnatal day 6 (P 6) in a rostrocaudal gradient. Cells of the nucleus raphe dorsalis fuse first (by P1), whereas the serotonin neurons located in nucleus raphe pallidus do not fuse until P 6. This gradient is comparable to the one described for the first observable fluorescence in the serotonin neurons groups. After final cell division, the serotonin neurons undergo a primary migration from the ventricular zone along the midline, where they are situated during embryogenesis, and a secondary migration extending into postnatal life which concludes with fusion in the midline. The bilateral origins of the serotonin cell groups are maintained in the adult. This is expressed by the apparent ipsilateral projections of some of the raphe neurons determined recently in our laboratory utilizing autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 176 (1975), S. 2669-2681 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde die strahlungsinduzierte Polymerisation von α-Methylstyrol in fester Phase untersucht. Die Polymerisationen erfolgten dabei entweder nach oder während der γ-Bestrahlung. Die erstere Art von Polymerisationen erfolgte bei -30°C nur im reinen und “trockenen” Monomeren. Mit steigendem Umsatz nahm bei einer konstanten Ausgangsstrahlungsdosis von 2,5 Mrad (2,5. lo4 J/kg) die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit leicht zu. Wurde die Ausgangsstrahlungsdosis hingegen bis auf 7,4 Mrad (7,4 · 104 J/kg) erhoht und danach jeweils 8 h polymerisiert, so nahm die Ausbeute (in Polymeres) pro Einheit Strahlungsdosis mit steigendem Umsatz ab. Die GPC Elutionskurven der erhaltenen Polymeren zeigten einen Peak bei 27,4 Elutionseinheiten, der von einem ionisch entstandenen Polymeren herriihrt, sowie eine Schulter bei 29,O Elutionseinheiten, die von einem radikalisch entstandenen Polymeranteil verursacht wird.Die Polymerisationen während der γ-Bestrahlung wurden bei -30 und -40°C untersucht. Dabei wurden Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeiten gefunden, die im Falle des “feuchten” Monomeren kleiner waren als beim “trockenen” Monomeren. Die GPC Analysen von Polymerproben, die sowohl aus “trockenem” als auch aus “feuchtem” α-Methylstyrol bei -40°C hergestellt worden waren, zeigten alle bimodale Verteilungen, wobei der Peak mit dem höheren Molekulargewicht von dem ionisch entstandenen Polymeranteil herrührte. Bei steigenden Umsätzen blieb die Lage der GPC Peaks unverändert, während die Peakintensitaten einen sich verkleinernden ionisch entstandenen Polymeranteil anzeigten. Bei -30°C Polymerisationstemperatur wurde nur noch ein GPC Peak bei 27,3 Elutionseinheiten gefunden, der anzeigt, daß hier nur die ionische Polymerisation stattfindet.
    Notes: The radiation-induced post - and “in-source” solid state polymerizations (the polymerizations occurred after and during the γ-irradiation, resp.) of α-methylstyrene were studied. Post-polymerizations studied at -30°C, occurred only in pure and “dry” monomer. At a constant initial radiation dose of 2,5 Mrad (2,5.104J/kg), the rate of polymerization increased, although slightly, with increasing conversion. With increasing initial radiation dose of up to 7,4 Mrad (7,4.104J/kg) and post-polymerized for 8 h, resp., the percentage of polymer yield per unit radiation dose decreased with increasing conversion. The GPC chromatograms of the polymer samples obtained showed a peak at 27,4 elution counts resulting from ionic polymerization and a shoulder at 29,0 counts from free radical polymerization.In the case of the “in-source” polymerization, studied at -30 and -40°C, the “wet” monomer yielded rates of polymerization lower than those from “dry” monomer. GPC analysis of the polymer samples obtained at -40°C from both “dry” and “wet” monomer showed bimodal distributions, the higher molecular weight peak resulting from ionic polymerization. At increased conversions, the positions of both GPC peaks remained unchanged, whereas the heights and hence the ionic and free radical polymerization contribution changed, the ionic contribution decreasing. At -30°C polymerization temperature only one peak at 27,3 elution counts resulting from ionic polymerization was obtained.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1819-1831 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new method of analyzing unsteady-state sorption data was developed to determine the diffusivity and solubility of vapors in polymer films. The equilibrium weight increase yields the solubility directly. Analysis of the unsteady-state data gives the diffusion coefficient and its concentration dependence. A complete method for the analysis of either absorption or desorption results is presented for any type of concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient. In this paper the method is applied to the Fujita free volume theory. The apparatus and the experimental procedures are discussed in detail.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1833-1849 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The diffusion coefficient at zero concentration and the free volume parameters in Fujita's free volume theory were measured for benzene, hexane, and heptane in modified polyethylene films using an unsteady-state absorption technique. Films were modified by gamma irradiation, solvent conditioning, and post- and preirradiation conditioning. Dc=0 was found to drop with irradiation, the drop being larger the larger the molecular size of the diffusing molecule. A relationship for the dependance of Dc=0 on the crosslink density is proposed. Solvent conditioning led to an increase in Dc=0 directly proportional to the swelling power of the conditioning agent and to the molecular size of the diffusant molecule. In most cases, combined treatment resulted in an increase in Dc=0, the extent of which was dependent upon the relative effect of the swellant and the irradiation dose. In all cases, postirradiation conditioning led to values of Dc=0 higher than those obtained by preirradiation conditioning. The fractional free volume of the polymer was found to decrease with irradiation, showing a marked drop at low doses when reaching a state where the dose was of small effect. Changes in f(0,T) with conditioning and with combined treatment followed the same general pattern as Dc=0. β(T) was unaffected by any kind of treatment studied. Bd changed in practically the same manner as f(0,T) but in the opposite direction. A method is proposed for the optimum choice of a membrane modification procedure based on solubility and diffusivity results.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1851-1862 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A dynamic absorption technique was employed to determine the solubility of benzene, hexane, and heptane in modified polyethylene films. Films were modified by solvent annealing, crosslinking, and combinations thereof. Solvent annealing was found to increase the solubility while crosslinking led to its diminution. The effect of combined treatment on the solubility was found to be dependent on the sequence of treatment, the swelling power of the conditioning agent, and the irradiation dose. A slight effect of the solvent-diffusant pair was also observed. The solubility of the various vapors in crosslinked films was found to vary linearly with temperature. Solubility of some vapors in some of the conditioned films showed maxima with respect to temperature. The changes in solubility were explained in terms of the relative changes in the molecular volume of the diffusant and of the segmental mobility of the network chains with the various experimental conditions.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 3017-3023 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Drag reduction data of poly(ethylene oxide) obtained in turbulent pipe flows were analyzed. A cutoff molecular weight for drag reduction was determined by correlating the drag reduction effectiveness with polymer molecular weight. Based on a time-correlation onset concept, this critical molecular weight was found to depend on the pipe diameter and Reynolds number. This effect is examined using available experimental data.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 22 (1978), S. 3111-3120 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental study was carried out on the AIBN-initiated polymerization of styrene at 60°C. The kinetic rate constants were determined by the method of moments and the MWD method, which was proposed in a previous paper. The results compared favorably with the data in the literature and the MWD method was noted to yield more consistent results than the method of moments, which indicates the importance of considering the whole molecular weight distribution. The theoretical MWD was found to approximate the experimental MWD well. The chain-transfer constant to AIBN was found to be between 0.09 and 0.14.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 24 (1979), S. 801-809 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The ionic crosslinking of poly(acrylic acid) for dialysis and reverse osmosis applications has been studied. A new dry technique has been developed that is faster than the wet technique reported in the previous paper to synthesize aluminum/poly(acrylic acid) membranes. It is based on casting a solution containing both the aluminum salt and the unneutralized poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and subjecting the cast film to a heat treatment (curing step) to promote ionic crosslinking. Postcuring treatment in nonsolvents for PAA such as acetone induced structural modifications in the membrane. Membranes with optical clarity ranging from colorless and transparent to white and opaque were obtained and were characterized by their water and aluminum contents. Transport properties of these membranes were investigated and indicated a selective rejection of ionic solutes such as NaCl compared to organic solutes such as ethylene glycols. Typical results for reverse osmosis under static conditions at fluxes of 1250 g/hm2 (0.75 U.S. gallons/ft2-day) gave rejections of 85% for a feed of 0.1% (by wt.) NaCl at 600 psi. Much lower rejection (28%) for ethylene glycol suggests the possible use of these membranes in the fractionation of mixtures of ionic and nonionic solutes by reverse osmosis.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 13 (1975), S. 1063-1070 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A novel method for determining the polymerization mechanism and the kinetic rate constants from the molecular weight distribution is proposed. The particular criterion function used as basis for parameter adjustment is \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \mathop {{\rm Min}}\limits_\theta \int_0^\infty {\left[ {y\left( {r,\theta } \right) - y_{\rm E} \left( r \right)} \right]^2 dr} $$\end{document} where θ is the vector of dependent variables, y(r, θ) is the theoretical molecular weight distribution for the assumed polymerization mechanism, and yE(r) is the experimental molecular weight distribution which is a function of the chain length r. A form of the gradient method of optimization was used to solve the criterion function. The proposed method is particularly powerful since the whole molecular weight distribution is utilized.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 13 (1975), S. 1271-1284 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The concentration of water in purified and BaO-dried α-methylstyrene was found to be 1.1 × 10-4M. The radiation-induced bulk polymerization of the α-methylstyrene thus prepared was studied in the temperature range of -20°C to 35°C. The polymerization rate varied as the 0.55 power of the dose rate. The theoretical molecular weights and molecular weight distribution were calculated from a proposed kinetic scheme and these values were then compared with those found experimentally. The agreement between these two was reasonably close, and therefore it was concluded that, from the molecular weight distribution point of view, the proposed kinetic scheme for the cationic polymerization of α-methylstyrene is an acceptable one. The rate constant for chain transfer to monomer kf changed with temperature and was found to be responsible for the decrease in the molecular weight of the polymer with increase in temperature. kf and kp at 20°C were found to be 0.95 × 104 l./mole-sec and 0.99 × 106 l./mole-sec, respectively.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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